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🚩 The Franks, led by Charles Martel, met the Muslim army commanded by Abd al-Rahman, the Umayyad governor of Spain, in early October 732 AD. Some have argued that this brief conflict influenced the fate of Christian civilization in Europe, while others see it as a simple border skirmish. The truth, it seems, lies somewhere in-between.
🚩 The pivotal Battle of Talas pitted the rapidly expanding Muslim armies against the forces of the Chinese Tang Dynasty. The outcome of the battle changed Central Asia for millennia to come.
📝 Sources: Bartold, Vasily (1928). Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion (Trans. T. Minorsky & C.E. Bosworth) Chen, Sanping (2012). Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages Golden, Peter B. (1990). “The Kharakhanids and early Islam” in The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, vol. 1 (ed. Denis Sinor) Hoberman, Barry (Sept/Oct. 1982). “The Battle of Talas” in Aramco World, vol. 33 no. 5 Ibn al-Athir, Ali (ca. 1231) The Complete History Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. Soucek, Svak (2000). A History of Inner Asia Starr, S. Frederick (2004). Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland
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🚩 Big thanks to Srpske for their collaboration on this video: https://www.youtube.com/@SrpskeBitke 🚩 Big thanks to Dr. Byron Waldron for his research and writing for this video. If you want to learn more about Diocletian, check out his excellent book: https://amz.run/6cSm
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
📝 Written by Dr.Byron Waldron
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: Ancient works consulted: Aurelius Victor’s Liber de Caesaribus, Epitome de Caesaribus, Eusebius’ Chronicon, Eutropius, Festus’ Breviarium, Historia Augusta, Malalas, Orosius, Peter the Patrician, Zonaras, Zosimus.
Ando, C. 2012: Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century, Edinburgh.
Altmayer, K. 2014: Die Herrschaft des Carus, Carinus und Numerianus als Vorläufer der Tetrarchie. Historia Einzelschriften 230, Stuttgart.
De Blois, L. 2019: Image and Reality of Roman Imperial Power in the Third Century AD: The Impact of War, London.
Dodgeon, M. H. & S. N. C. Lieu. 1991: The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363: A Documentary History, London & New York.
Edwell, P. 2021: Rome and Persia at War: Imperial Competition and Contact, 193-363 CE, Oxford & New York.
Kovács, P. 2011: The Battle of Margum or Where Emperor Carinus Died?, Acta Musei Napocensis 45-46/I, 2008-2009, 241-252.
Potter, D. S. 2014: The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180-395, 2nd ed., Oxford & New York.
Rose, C. B. 2021: Reconsidering the Frieze on the Arch of Constantine, JRA 1-36.
📚 Sources: – Bloody Repulse at Fontenoy – Robert L. Durham – Warfare History Network (2022) – The Battle of Fontenoy 1745: Saxe against Cumberland in the War of the Austrian Succession – James Falkner (2019) – Fontenoy 1745: Cumberland’s bloody defeat (Campaign) – Michael McNally (2017)
📚 Sources: Abbott, J. History of the Habsburg Empire (Madison & Adams Press, 2018). Childs, J. C. R., & Childs, J. Armies and warfare in Europe, 1648-1789. (Manchester University Press, 1982). Charles Joseph. The Life of Prince Eugene, of Savoy: From His Own Original Manuscript. Vol. 3. J. Davis, 1812. Šegvić, Filip Šimetin, and Tomislav Branđolica. “The age of heroes in historiography: the example of Prince Eugene of Savoy.” Austrian History Yearbook 44 (2013): 211-233. Wheatcroft, Enemy at the Gate, 216-225 A historical description of the glorious conquest of the city of Buda pp. 20–23, especially 9 July The Enemy at the Gate: Habsburgs, Ottomans and the Battle for Europe; Andrew Wheatcroft The Supremacy of France and the Wars of Louis XIV; Thomas Henry Dyer
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➤ Sources: The Islamic Conquest of Syria – by al-Waqidi Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century – by Irfan Shahid Yarmuk 636 AD: The Muslim Conquest of Syria – by David Nicolle Forgotten Islamic History – by Naeem Ali The Great Islamic Conquests 632 – 750 – by David Nicolle Khalid Bin Al-Waleed (The Sword Of Allah) – by Abdul Basit Ahmad The Byzantine Wars – by John Haldon Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests – by Walter E. Kaegi The Early Islamic Conquests – by Fred McGraw Donner Decline and fall of the Sassanian Empire – by Parvaneh Pourshariati
🚩In 450 AD, Attila the Hun invaded the West. By this time, the collapse of the Roman Empire was already 100 years in the making. But the famous general Aetius brought Rome back from the brink in the battle of the Catalaunian Plains, in 451 AD.
🚩The Anarchy was a period of civil war and unsettled government in England, often known as The Nineteen Year Winter, that occurred during the reign of King Stephen of England (1135–1154). In this 6-part series I will cover this turbulent period.
🚩Thanks to Bert’s Battles for his work on this series – check out their channel for more history content https://www.youtube.com/@BertsBattles
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
Sources: Bradbury, J. (2011) Stephen and Matilda: the Civil War of 1139-53. ISBN: 978 07524 71921. Davis, R. H. C. (2013) King Stephen 1135-1154. ISBN: 13: 978-0-582-04000-7. Hanley, C. (2020) Matilda: Empress, Queen, Warrior. ISBN: 978-0-300-25147-0. King, E. (2012) King Stephen. ISBN: 978-0-300-18195-1. William of Malmesbury (2016) Chronicle of the Kings of England: from the Earliest Period to the Reign of King Stephen. ISBN: 9781518363320.