🚩 Basil had successfully stabilized the empire after the civil war, exacerbated by the conflict with the Fatimids in Syria. Samuel of Bulgaria took advantage of the situation to invade the Byzantine Empire in the west. Meanwhile, the Fatimids were preparing to push Romans out of Syria. Emperor Basil now faced a fight on two fronts against two formidable opponents. In this episode we will show the Battle of Spercheios (997 AD) and the Battle of Apamea (998 AD), as Basil tries to organize his army to stave off multiple incursions into Byzantine territory.
🎼 Music: Kevin MacLeod – All This Kevin MacLeod – Impact Allegretto Kevin MacLeod – Impact Kevin MacLeod – Crypto Epidemic Sound Filmstro
📚 Sources: Peter Hoskins – In the Steps of the Black Prince, The Road to Poitiers, 1355-1356 (2011) David Nicolle – Poitiers 1356, The capture of a king (2004) David Green – Battle of Poitiers 1356 (2002) British battles – Poitiers – by Hillaire Belloc (1913)
🚩 If you’re struggling, consider therapy with our sponsor BetterHelp. Click https://betterhelp.com/historymarche for a 10% discount on your first month of therapy with a licensed professional specific to your needs.
🚩 Big thanks to Srpske Bitke https://www.youtube.com/@SrpskeBitke and Dr.Byron Waldron for collaborating with me on this video.
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
📝 Written by Dr. Byron Waldron
🎼 Music: Instinct – Bensound Impact Allegretto – Kevin MacLeod Crypto – Kevin MacLeod Epidemic Sounds Volatile Reaction – Kevin MacLeod
📚 Sources: Carter, M. L. 1985: A Numismatic Reconstruction of Kushano-Sasanian History, Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society) 30, 215-281.
Dodgeon, M. H. & S. N. C. Lieu. (eds.). 1991: The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363: A Documentary History, London & New York: Routledge.
Edwell, P. 2021: Rome and Persia at War: Imperial Competition and Contact, 193-363 CE, London & New York: Routledge.
Hauser, S. R. 2013: Where is the man of Hadr, who once built it and taxed the land by the Tigris and Chaboras? On the significance of the final siege of Hatra, in L. Dirven (ed.), Hatra: Politics, Culture and Religion between Parthia and Rome. Oriens et Occidens 21, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 119-139.
Kettenhofen, E. 1982: Die römisch-persischen Kriege des 3. Jahrhunderts n. Chr.: nach der Inschrift Šāhpuhrs I. an der Ka’be-ye Zartošt (ŠKZ). Beihefte zum Tubinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. Reihe B, Geisteswissenschaften, no. 55, Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert.
Kroll, T. (tr.). 1985: The Chronicle of Arbela. CSCO 468, Scriptores Syri 200, Leuven: Peeters Publishers.
MacDonald, D. 1981: The Death of Gordian III: Another Tradition, Historia 30.4, 502-508.
Mosig-Walburg, K. 2009: Römer und Perser: vom 3. Jahrhunderts bis zum Jahr 363 n. Chr., Gutenberg: Computus.
Piacentini, V. F. 1985: Ardashir I Papakan and the Wars against the Arabs: Working Hypothesis on the Sasanian Hold of the Gulf, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 15, 57-77.
Potter, D. S. 1990: Prophecy and History in the Crisis of the Roman Empire: A Historical Commentary on the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Potter, D. S. 2018: Decius and Valerian, in D. W. Burgersdijk & A. J. Ross (eds.), Imagining Emperors in the Later Roman Empire. Cultural Interactions in the Mediterranean 1, Leiden: Brill.
🚩 Click the link https://try.lingoda.com/HistoryMarche_August to try 3 language classes for free and use the code HISTORY25 to receive a 25% off your first two months with Lingoda.
🚩 See also the Battle of Tours, 732 AD – How the Franks stopped the Muslim expansion https://youtu.be/9JuVjUPN5fo
🚩 This video is made possible by the generous support of our Patrons. If you’d like to help us make more free content like this, consider supporting us on https://www.patreon.com/historymarche
🚩 Big thanks to History Rhymes for their collaboration on this video: https://www.youtube.com/@historyrhymes1701
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
📝 Written by Jonathan Woody
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: Alberto Raul, The Muslim Invasion of Spain (Medieval Warfare Magazine) Alberto Ferreiro, The Visigoths in Gaul and Iberia Jamil M. Abu-Nasr, History of the Magrib in the Islamic Period Roger Collins, The Arab Conquest of Spain (720 – 797) Thomas F. Glick, Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages Richard Hitchkock, Muslim Spain Reconsidered: From 711 to 1502
🚩 Stop data brokers from exposing your information. Go to my sponsor https://aura.com/historymarche to get a 14-day free trial and see if your personal information has been compromised.
🚩 The Battle of Nördlingen (1634) was a crushing victory for the Habsburgs in the Thirty Years’ War. It ended Swedish domination in southern Germany, and it led France to become an active participant in the war.
🚩 This video is made possible by the generous support of our Patrons. If you’d like to help us make more free content like this, consider supporting us on https://www.patreon.com/historymarche
🚩 Big thanks to HistoryVerse for their collaboration on this video: https://www.youtube.com/@Historyverse
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: • The Battle of Nördlingen 1634: The Bloody Fight Between Tercios and Brigades (Century of the Soldier), by Alberto Raúl Esteban Ribas (2021) • Battles of the Thirty Years War: From White Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618-1635 (Contributions in Military Studies Book 213), by William P. Guthrie (2001)
🚩 Follow my link to play World War Armies and receive the Pershing tank and a DESERT skin with tokens immedieately after finishing the tutorial: https://wwc.onelink.me/uDzy/historymarche
🚩 Charles XII was one of the greatest military leaders in European history. He defeated Denmark, Poland, Saxony and Russia in a series of brilliant campaigns. A skilled tactician, he had a good eye for choosing a battleground and insisted on personal leadership in battle. His strategic talent, however, was much criticized, especially his decision to wage a long war in Poland and his Russian campaign in 1707-1709.
🚩 This video is made possible by the generous support of our Patrons. If you’d like to help us make more free content like this, consider supporting us on https://www.patreon.com/historymarche
🚩 Big thanks to History Rhymes for their collaboration on this video: https://www.youtube.com/@historyrhymes1701
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
📝 Written by Jonathan Woody
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: Peter the Great: The Strugle for Power, 1671 – 1725 by Paul Bushkovitch
Chicago / Turabian 16th Edition Citation: Bushkovitch, Paul. Peter the Great : the Struggle for Power, 1671-1725. Cambridge ;: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Military Actions at Narva in 1700 According to the Memoirs of Swedish Warriors by Sergei A. Chirkin
Charles XII at Narva in autum 1700: Testimonies from his confidants by Sergei A. Chirkin
Chicago / Turabian 16th Edition Citation: Chirkin, Sergei A. “Сharles XII at Narva in Autumn 1700: Testimonies from His Confidants.” Mastatskaya i Muzychnaya Adukatsiya 21, no. 3 (2021): 288–292.
The Battle of Narva: November 29th, 1700 by Richard Cavendish
Swedish Gamble at the Battle of Narva by Eric Niderost (Warfare History Network, November 2013)
Go to https://sponsr.is/cs_historymarche and use code HISTORYMARCHE to save 25% off today. Thanks to Curiosity Stream for sponsoring today’s video.
🚩 After the Battle of Ashdown, the Viking army was reinforced and continued the invasion, subjugating all Saxon kingdoms, except Wessex. But Alfred took on the Vikings once again, in perhaps one of the most important battles in the history of England.
🚩 This video is made possible by the generous support of our Patrons. If you’d like to help us make more free content like this, consider supporting us on https://www.patreon.com/historymarche
🚩 In January 871, Alfred the Great, then a prince of only 21, led an army in battle against the invading Vikings, commanded by Halfdan, one of Ragnar Lothbrok’s sons. For his valiant defence of his kingdom against a stronger army and his reforms in the reconstruction of Wessex and beyond, he became known as ‘the Great’ – no other English king or queen earned that sobriquet.
🚩 This video is made possible by the generous support of our Patrons. If you’d like to help us make more free content like this, consider supporting us on https://www.patreon.com/historymarche
🚩 To start comparing quotes and simplify insurance-buying, check out Policygenius: https://Policygenius.com/historymarche. Thanks to Policygenius for sponsoring this video!
📚 Sources: Castillon: Last Battle of the Hundred Years’ War – Warfare History Network – William E. Welsh (2008) The Agincourt War: A Military History of the Hundred Years War from 1369 to 1453 – Alfred H. Burne (2014) The Hundred Years War – The English in France 1337 – 1453 – D.Seward (2013) John Talbot & the War in France, 1427–1453 – A. J. Pollard (2006) Conquest: The English Kingdom of France, (1417-1450) – Juliet Barker
🚩 I’m happy to share with you the Battle of Aquilonia (293 BC), the final episode of the Third Samnite War series, which saw Rome emerge as the dominant power on the Italian peninsula and began its journey to becoming one of the major power of the ancient world. This video has been long in the making, I hope you enjoy it.
🚩 Big thanks to our Patrons for supporting what we do! For as little as $1 per video you can get ad-free early access to our videos: https://www.patreon.com/historymarche
🚩 Big thanks to Srpske Bitke for their collaboration on this video: https://www.youtube.com/@SrpskeBitke
📚 Sources: Le Mura Megalitiche: Il Lazio meridionale tra storia e mito – Viviana Fontana (2016) Cassius Dio, Roman History Diodorus Siculus, Library of History Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities Frontinus, Stratagems Livy, From the Founding of the City Polybius, Histories Zonaras, Epitome of Histories Bradley, G. 2020: Early Rome to 290 BC: The Beginnings of the City and the Rise of the Republic, Edinburgh. Cornell, T. 2017: ‘The “Samnite Wars,” 343-290 BC, in M. Whitby & H. Sidebottom (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient Battles, Malden MA, Oxford & Chichester, West Sussex, 2.469-479. Forsyth, G. 2006: A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War, Berkeley. Oakley, S. P. 1997-2005: A Commentary on Livy, Books VI-X, Oxford.
Sponsored by Jam City. #Ad Bring dinosaurs to life by downloading Jurassic World Alive using my link on your mobile device or tablet: https://jamcity.me/historymarche
🚩 The Battle of Formigny during the last phase of the Hundred Years’ War was perhaps the most decisive encounter in France’s reconquest of Normandy.
🚩 Go to http://bit.ly/thld_cs_historymarche and use code HISTORYMARCHE to save 25% off today. Thanks to Curiosity Stream for sponsoring today’s video.
🚩 The Franks, led by Charles Martel, met the Muslim army commanded by Abd al-Rahman, the Umayyad governor of Spain, in early October 732 AD. Some have argued that this brief conflict influenced the fate of Christian civilization in Europe, while others see it as a simple border skirmish. The truth, it seems, lies somewhere in-between.
📚 Sources: – Bloody Repulse at Fontenoy – Robert L. Durham – Warfare History Network (2022) – The Battle of Fontenoy 1745: Saxe against Cumberland in the War of the Austrian Succession – James Falkner (2019) – Fontenoy 1745: Cumberland’s bloody defeat (Campaign) – Michael McNally (2017)
📚 Sources: Abbott, J. History of the Habsburg Empire (Madison & Adams Press, 2018). Childs, J. C. R., & Childs, J. Armies and warfare in Europe, 1648-1789. (Manchester University Press, 1982). Charles Joseph. The Life of Prince Eugene, of Savoy: From His Own Original Manuscript. Vol. 3. J. Davis, 1812. Šegvić, Filip Šimetin, and Tomislav Branđolica. “The age of heroes in historiography: the example of Prince Eugene of Savoy.” Austrian History Yearbook 44 (2013): 211-233. Wheatcroft, Enemy at the Gate, 216-225 A historical description of the glorious conquest of the city of Buda pp. 20–23, especially 9 July The Enemy at the Gate: Habsburgs, Ottomans and the Battle for Europe; Andrew Wheatcroft The Supremacy of France and the Wars of Louis XIV; Thomas Henry Dyer
🚩 Thank you so much for watching. Consider supporting my work on Patreon and enjoy ad-free early access to my videos for as little as $1: https://www.patreon.com/historymarche
➤ Sources: The Islamic Conquest of Syria – by al-Waqidi Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century – by Irfan Shahid Yarmuk 636 AD: The Muslim Conquest of Syria – by David Nicolle Forgotten Islamic History – by Naeem Ali The Great Islamic Conquests 632 – 750 – by David Nicolle Khalid Bin Al-Waleed (The Sword Of Allah) – by Abdul Basit Ahmad The Byzantine Wars – by John Haldon Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests – by Walter E. Kaegi The Early Islamic Conquests – by Fred McGraw Donner Decline and fall of the Sassanian Empire – by Parvaneh Pourshariati
🎁 Get Foreo Bear as a special gift for your significant other: https://foreo.se/ktn2 and use my coupon code HISTORY20 to get 20% off 🎀 Big thanks to Foreo for partnering with us on this video!
🚩 Skanderbeg, a national hero of the Albanians, was the first to organize a league of Albanian princes, over which he was appointed commander in chief, in 1444. For twenty two years, in the period 1444-66, he effectively repulsed 13 Turkish invasions. His successful resistance to the Ottoman armies made him a hero throughout the Western world.
🚩 Battle of Civitate proved to be a turning point in the fortunes of the Normans in Italy, who were able to win a victory despite their differences even among themselves, and solidifying their legitimacy in the process. Not only that, it was the first major victory for Robert Guiscard, who would eventually rise to prominence as the leader of the Normans in the South. In terms of its implications, the Battle of Civitate had the same long-term political ramifications as had the Battle of Hastings in England and Northern Europe, a reorientation of power and influence into a Latin-Christendom world.
🚩 Help support HistoryMarche on Patreon and for as little as $1 per video get ad-free early access to our videos: https://www.patreon.com/historymarche
🚩 Go to https://ground.news/historymarche to uplevel your news reading experience and also support an independent news platform on a mission to make the media landscape more transparent.
🚩 The Anarchy was a period of civil war and unsettled government in England, often known as The Nineteen Year Winter, that occurred during the reign of King Stephen of England (1135–1154). In this 6-part series I will cover this turbulent period.
🚩 Help support HistoryMarche on Patreon and for as little as $1 per video get ad-free early access to our videos: https://www.patreon.com/historymarche
🚩 Help support HistoryMarche on Patreon and for as little as $1 per video get ad-free early access to our videos: https://www.patreon.com/historymarche
🚩 I work with History Rhymes https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCD-0LPbxri4fSvd0UoisIfg on this series and am very happy with how it’s shaping up. We have 5 episodes completed and another 2 in the making. The 7 episodes in total will document the fascinating rule of Basil II and cover some of the key battles during his reign.
🚩 The Battle of Verneuil (1424) was the culmination of the continued war in the wake of Henry V’s death, after his famous victory at Agincourt. English victory at Verneuil likewise had a profound impact, paving the way for further victories and setting back the French war effort. As a result it took Charles another 30 years to recover the conquests made by Henry V and John, Duke of Bedford.
🎄🎅🎄🎅🎄🎅 Many of you requested all parts of the Battle of Dara mini series be merged into one video. I thought it fitting to release it on New Year’s weekend. I’d like to thank all of you for your support! I feel blessed to have such a wonderful community here that has enabled me to do this full time. Huge thanks and much love to you all! I wish you a very Happy 2023! 🎄🎅🎄🎅🎄🎅
🚩 In the late 5th and early 6th centuries, there began a general ambition by the Byzantine hierarchy to restore the Empire’s territory back to the height of the Roman Empire from where it had evolved. Consequently a series of campaigns began across Italy, North Africa, the Balkans, and the Middle East, to rebuild the former glory. It should be noted that at this point in history, the enemies faced by the Byzantines were far more numerous and better organised than those that Rome had first faced centuries earlier. These were now the evolved enemies that had defeated Rome just 100-150 years earlier. Nevertheless, a Byzantine general by the name Belisarius would rise to the challenge…
Sources: • Bannockburn 1314: Robert Bruce’s great victory (Peter Armstrong) ISBN: 978-1855326095 • Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297-98 (Pete Armstrong). ISBN: 978-1-84176-510-5 • Robert the Bruce, King of Scots (Ronald McNair Scott). ISBN: 978-1-78211-177-1 • A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain (Marc Morris). ISBN: 978-0-091-79684-6 • The Hammer of the Scots: Edward I and the Scottish Wars of Independence (David Santiuste). ISBN: 978-1-78159-012-6 • Edward I (Michael Prestwich). ISBN: 978-0-300-07157-3 • William Wallace: Brave Heart (James MacKay). ISBN: 9781780574288
Install Raid for Free ✅ IOS/ANDROID/PC: https://clcr.me/D22_HistoryMarche and get a special starter pack 💥 Available only for the next 30 days
🚩 Battle of Maritsa (1371) proved to be the final nail in the coffin of the Serbian Empire, built by the Nemanjic dynasty. In many ways, the Ottoman victory at Maritsa was far more important than the one at Kosovo (1389) and Nicopolis (1396), for it firmly consolidated the Sultanate’s position in Europe and acted as a springboard for future conquest.
🚩 At Zenta, Prince Eugene achieved a spectacular victory, which all but knocked the Ottoman Empire out of the war and forced the Sultan to sign a peace agreement that saw large swathes of land ceded to Austria and her allies.
🚩 Support HistoryMarche on Patreon and for as little as $1 per video you get ad-free early access to our videos: https://www.patreon.com/historymarche
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: Abbott, J. History of the Habsburg Empire (Madison & Adams Press, 2018). Childs, J. C. R., & Childs, J. Armies and warfare in Europe, 1648-1789. (Manchester University Press, 1982). Charles Joseph. The Life of Prince Eugene, of Savoy: From His Own Original Manuscript. Vol. 3. J. Davis, 1812. Šegvić, Filip Šimetin, and Tomislav Branđolica. “The age of heroes in historiography: the example of Prince Eugene of Savoy.” Austrian History Yearbook 44 (2013): 211-233. Wheatcroft, Enemy at the Gate, 216-225 A historical description of the glorious conquest of the city of Buda pp. 20–23, especially 9 July The Enemy at the Gate: Habsburgs, Ottomans and the Battle for Europe; Andrew Wheatcroft The Supremacy of France and the Wars of Louis XIV; Thomas Henry Dyer
🚩 Thanks to Established Titles for sponsoring this video! Go to https://establishedtitles.com/MARCHE10 to shop their Black Friday Sale, plus get an additional 10% off on any purchase with code MARCHE10 and help support the channel!
📚 Sources: Cassius Dio, Roman History Diodorus Siculus, Library of History Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities Frontinus, Stratagems Livy, From the Founding of the City Polybius, Histories Zonaras, Epitome of Histories Bradley, G. 2020: Early Rome to 290 BC: The Beginnings of the City and the Rise of the Republic, Edinburgh. Cornell, T. 2017: ‘The “Samnite Wars,” 343-290 BC, in M. Whitby & H. Sidebottom (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient Battles, Malden MA, Oxford & Chichester, West Sussex, 2.469-479. Forsyth, G. 2006: A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War, Berkeley. Oakley, S. P. 1997-2005: A Commentary on Livy, Books VI-X, Oxford.
🚩 Thanks to Established Titles for sponsoring this video! Go to https://establishedtitles.com/MARCHE10 to shop their Black Friday Sale, plus get an additional 10% off on any purchase with code MARCHE10 and help support the channel!
🚩 Thanks to Kamikoto for sponsoring this video! Get an additional $50 off on any purchase with code HISTORYMARCHE during their Early Black Friday sale. Go to https://kamikoto.com/historymarche and help support the channel.
Sources: • Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297-98 (Pete Armstrong). ISBN: 978-1-84176-510-5 • Robert the Bruce, King of Scots (Ronald McNair Scott). ISBN: 978-1-78211-177-1 • A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain (Marc Morris). ISBN: 978-0-091-79684-6 • The Hammer of the Scots: Edward I and the Scottish Wars of Independence (David Santiuste). ISBN: 978-1-78159-012-6 • Edward I (Michael Prestwich). ISBN: 978-0-300-07157-3 • William Wallace: Brave Heart (James MacKay). ISBN: 9781780574288
🚩 Keep exploring at http://brilliant.org/HistoryMarche/. Get started for free, and hurry—the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. 👇 Push down for more cool stuff 👇
🚩 Over the past decade, Bulgarian armies under Samuel had conquered much of the European possessions of the Byzantine Empire. In 986, Basil II led the campaign personally with 30,000 soldiers. This much larger than average Roman field army showed the importance the Emperor placed on the threat from Bulgaria and the intent to subdue the Bulgarians with one strike…
🚩 Thanks to Established Titles for sponsoring this video! Go to https://establishedtitles.com/MARCHE10 to shop their Black Friday Sale, plus get an additional 10% off on any purchase with code MARCHE10 and help support the channel! 👇 Push down for more cool stuff 👇
🚩 The Battle of Tifernum (297 BC) was an important battle of the Third Samnite War, fought between the Romans and the Samnites near the modern town of Città di Castello in central Italy. The outcome of this clash would lead to the decisive Battle of Sentinum in 295 BC…
📚 Sources: Cassius Dio, Roman History Diodorus Siculus, Library of History Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities Frontinus, Stratagems Livy, From the Founding of the City Polybius, Histories Zonaras, Epitome of Histories Bradley, G. 2020: Early Rome to 290 BC: The Beginnings of the City and the Rise of the Republic, Edinburgh. Cornell, T. 2017: ‘The “Samnite Wars,” 343-290 BC, in M. Whitby & H. Sidebottom (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient Battles, Malden MA, Oxford & Chichester, West Sussex, 2.469-479. Forsyth, G. 2006: A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War, Berkeley. Oakley, S. P. 1997-2005: A Commentary on Livy, Books VI-X, Oxford.
🚩 The year 1415 was the first occasion since 1359 that an English king had invaded France in person. One of the most renowned kings in English history, Henry V cheered his outnumbered troops to victory at Agincourt and eventually secured control of the French throne.
🚩 I combined all parts of the Battle of Agincourt mini series for easier viewing. I hope you will enjoy the longer version of the video.
Use our link to skip the wait list: https://www.masterworks.art/historymarche Purchase shares in great masterpieces from artists like Pablo Picasso, Banksy, Andy Warhol, and more. 🎨 See important Regulation A disclosures at masterworks.io/cd. *Realized annualized returns [IRR] for all sold paintings, from inception through June 30, 2022, net of fees and expenses. **Dollar-weighted estimated annualized returns [IRR] of the Masterworks portfolio from inception through June 30, 2022, net of fees and expenses.
🚩 Go to https://curiositystream.thld.co/historymarche_0922 and use code HISTORYMARCHE to save 25% off today, that’s only $14.99 a year. Thanks to Curiosity Stream for sponsoring today’s video. 🚩 Checkout Part 1 here: https://youtu.be/pRok1fAs4DY 🚩 Today we continue the story of William the Conqueror during his early years as Duke of Normandy. In the previous episode William established control of the duchy in the face of a massive rebellion, with the help of King Henry of France. But now, wary of the duke’s ambition, the French king decided to curb William’s growing power…
🚩 On 27 September 1605, King Charles IX of Sweden penned the following note in his diary: “Was fought the Battle of Kircholm. There many a brave hero fell due to his craven heart. I was hacked in the head but praise the Lord not hurt. I lost the battle.” With these few words the king summed up what was perhaps the worst defeat in Swedish history. It was even more costly than the far-better-known Battle of Poltava, a little over a century later. And the battle was lost even though the Swedish army was three times as strong as the victorious Polish-Lithuanian army. Enemy casualties were minimal. It was a humiliating defeat.
