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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources: The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait – Joseph F. O’Callaghan (2011) The Reconquista: The History and Legacy of the Conflicts Between the Moors and Christians on the Iberian Peninsula – Charles River Editors (2018) The Reconquest of Spain – Derek Lomax (1978) The Portuguese in the Age of Discovery 1340-1665 – David Nicolle (2012)
🚩 If you like what you see, consider supporting my work on Patreon and you get ad-free early access to my videos for as little as $1 https://www.patreon.com/historymarche — You can also show your support by subscribing to the channel and liking the video. Thank you for watching.
The Battle of Ourique is a defining moment in the history of Portugal, as it was here that Afonso Henriques was on July 25, 1139, proclaimed the first King of Portugal by his troops after defeating the Moorish army. The significance of the battle of Ourique cannot be overstated for it secured the founding of the Kingdom of Portugal.
The five blue shields at the very centre of the flag of Portugal represent the five Moorish kings that were defeated by Portugal’s first King Afonso Henriques in the battle of Ourique 1139. The white central shield is the personal armor of this same King and was said to have been given to him in a vision of the crucified Christ on the eve of battle.
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources: The Reconquest Kings of Portugal: Political and Cultural Reorientation on the Medieval Frontier – Stephen Lay (2008) Between Silences: The Coronation of Portuguese Medieval Kings (12th–14th Centuries) – Carla Varela Fernandes (2020) The Teaching of military history at Portuguese universities: Pride and Prejudice – João Gouveia Monteiro (2021) The History of Medieval Portugal in the Deducao cronologica analitica – Filipe Alves Moreira (2022) The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157 – Bernard F. Reilly (1998) Between God and the King: The world of military orders – Isabel Cristina Ferreira Fernandes (2018) A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, volume I, Cambridge University Press – Anthony Disney (2009) The Reconquista and Its Legacy, 1000-1348 – António Henriques (2017) Fantastic Stories of the History of Portugal – João Ferreira (2010)
Correction: 10:48 The location of the battle is heavily debated. Contemporary sources said that they do not know where the battle took place, only that it took place on “fields near Ourique”. But today many historians argue that Alfonso couldn’t lead a full military campaign in Alentejo with his limited resources, so deep in Muslim territory (he was only a count with a small realm). A more plausible location is suggested near Vila Chã de Ourique, which was closer to Portugal’s traditional lands. Nevertheless, historians are divided between Ourique in Alentejo and Vila Chã de Ourique further north – my opinion is that Vila Chã de Ourique is much more plausible.
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🚩 In early 13th century, crusade was a new concept in Iberia, just beginning to take hold and influence their approach to the regular warfare with their Muslim neighbors. However, the clash at Las Navas helped to solidify and expand the acceptance of crusade ideology in the minds of the Iberian Christians in the ensuing years. This was a turning point in the age of Reconquista…
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources Joseph F. O’Callaghan – A History of Medieval Spain Joseph F. O’Callaghan – Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain George F. Nafziger, Mark W. Walton – Islam at War: A History Kenneth M. Setton et. al. – A History of the Crusades Vol. II: The Later Crusades
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🚩Big thanks to Eastern Roman History and Warhawk for collaborating with me on this video. Check out their awesome history content: Eastern Roman History https://www.youtube.com/@EasternRomanHistory Warhawk https://www.youtube.com/@WarhawkYT
🎼 Music: Instinct – Bensound Impact Allegretto – Kevin MacLeod Crypto – Kevin MacLeod Epidemic Sound Filmstro
📚 Primary sources: Al Baladhuri, The Origins of the Islamic State, translated by Philip K. Hittil, Vols. II (New York: Columbia University, 1916). History of the Patriarchs, Severus ibn al Muqaffaʿ, Alexandrinische Patriarchengeschichte von S. Marcus bis Michael I 61-767, nach der ältesten 1266 geschriebenen Hamburger Handschrift im arabischen Urtext, edited by C. F. Seybold (Hamburg, 1912). John of Nikiu, The Chronicle of John Bishop of Nikiu, translated by R. H. Charles (London: Williams and Norgate, 1913).
📚 Scholarship: Booth, P., ‘The Muslim Conquest of Egypt Reconsidered’ in Zuckerman, C. Constructing the Seventh Century, (Paris, 2013). 639-670. Butler, A. J., The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years of Roman Dominion, Reprint 1978 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1902). Howard-Johnston, J., Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
➤ Sources: The Islamic Conquest of Syria – by al-Waqidi Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century – by Irfan Shahid Yarmuk 636 AD: The Muslim Conquest of Syria – by David Nicolle Forgotten Islamic History – by Naeem Ali The Great Islamic Conquests 632 – 750 – by David Nicolle Khalid Bin Al-Waleed (The Sword Of Allah) – by Abdul Basit Ahmad The Byzantine Wars – by John Haldon Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests – by Walter E. Kaegi The Early Islamic Conquests – by Fred McGraw Donner Decline and fall of the Sassanian Empire – by Parvaneh Pourshariati
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🚩 The Fatimid Conquest of Egypt, a pivotal moment in Islamic history. It destroyed any semblance of central authority in the Muslim world, provoked the reaction of the Turks as defenders of orthodox (Sunni) Islam, impelled the Omayyads in Spain to declare their own Caliphate, launched the powerful Murabitun revolution in western Africa, denied the Muslims their last chance to conquer Europe. Moreover the Fatimid schism gave the Crusaders an opportunity to capture Jerusalem in 1099.
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🚩The battle of Badr has been described as one of the most important battles in Islamic history. And for good reason. Its outcome transformed the Muslims from a marginal religious movement to political contenders on the western coast of Arabia.
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🚩The Battle of the Field of Blood and the broader struggle for Aleppo was an intensely complex affair, drawing in many factions—Frankish, Turkish, Armenian, Arab, and Byzantine. Like so many of the Crusader States’ wars, it was rarely a simple matter of Christians versus Muslims.
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➤ Sources:
The Islamic Conquest of Syria – by al-Waqidi
Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century – by Irfan Shahid
Yarmuk 636 AD: The Muslim Conquest of Syria – by David Nicolle
Forgotten Islamic History – by Naeem Ali
The Great Islamic Conquests 632 – 750 – by David Nicolle
Khalid Bin Al-Waleed (The Sword Of Allah) – by Abdul Basit Ahmad
The Byzantine Wars – by John Haldon
Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests – by Walter E. Kaegi
The Early Islamic Conquests – by Fred McGraw Donner
Decline and fall of the Sassanian Empire – by Parvaneh Pourshariati
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➤ Big thanks to History Time for collaborating with us on this video. Check out his video about the history of the Abbasid Empire https://youtu.be/h2MmjMsYuF8
➤Sources:
David W. Tschanz – The Mongols meet their Match: The Battle of Ain Jalut
Rene Grousset – The Empire of the Steppes
Ala al-Din Juvaini – The History of the World Conqueror
David Morgan – The Mongols
David Nicolle – Mamluk Askari 1250-1517
Rashīd al-Dīn and the making of history in Mongol Iran – by Stefan Kamola
Linda Komaroff – Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan
Reuven Amitai, Stephan Conermann – The Mamluk Sultanate from the Perspective of Regional and World History
Reuven Amitai Preiss – Mongols and Mamluks, The Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260-1281
David Nicolle – Mamluks, 1250 – 1517AD
John Masson Smith, Jr. – Ayn Jalut, Mamluk Success or Mongol Failure?
Chris Peers – Genghis Khan and the Mongol War Machine
➤Miniatures:
Guerrier Mongol, 1380 by Samuel Perez (Pegaso, 54mm)
Mamluk Officer, 1805 by Art-Girona
Mameluk, 1805 by Metal Modeles
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👇 Push down for more cool stuff 👇
➤ Sources:
The Islamic Conquest of Syria – by al-Waqidi
Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century – by Irfan Shahid
Yarmuk 636 AD: The Muslim Conquest of Syria – by David Nicolle
Forgotten Islamic History – by Naeem Ali
The Great Islamic Conquests 632 – 750 – by David Nicolle
Khalid Bin Al-Waleed (The Sword Of Allah) – by Abdul Basit Ahmad
The Byzantine Wars – by John Haldon
Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests – by Walter E. Kaegi
The Early Islamic Conquests – by Fred McGraw Donner
Decline and fall of the Sassanian Empire – by Parvaneh Pourshariati
