π Sources: The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait – Joseph F. O’Callaghan (2011) The Reconquista: The History and Legacy of the Conflicts Between the Moors and Christians on the Iberian Peninsula – Charles River Editors (2018) The Reconquest of Spain – Derek Lomax (1978) The Portuguese in the Age of Discovery 1340-1665 – David Nicolle (2012)
The Battle of Ourique is a defining moment in the history of Portugal, as it was here that Afonso Henriques was on July 25, 1139, proclaimed the first King of Portugal by his troops after defeating the Moorish army. The significance of the battle of Ourique cannot be overstated for it secured the founding of the Kingdom of Portugal.
The five blue shields at the very centre of the flag of Portugal represent the five Moorish kings that were defeated by Portugal’s first King Afonso Henriques in the battle of Ourique 1139. The white central shield is the personal armor of this same King and was said to have been given to him in a vision of the crucified Christ on the eve of battle.
π’ Narrated by David McCallion
πΌ Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
π Sources: The Reconquest Kings of Portugal: Political and Cultural Reorientation on the Medieval Frontier – Stephen Lay (2008) Between Silences: The Coronation of Portuguese Medieval Kings (12thβ14th Centuries) – Carla Varela Fernandes (2020) The Teaching of military history at Portuguese universities: Pride and Prejudice – JoΓ£o Gouveia Monteiro (2021) The History of Medieval Portugal in the Deducao cronologica analitica – Filipe Alves Moreira (2022) The Kingdom of LeΓ³n-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126β1157 – Bernard F. Reilly (1998) Between God and the King: The world of military orders – Isabel Cristina Ferreira Fernandes (2018) A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, volume I, Cambridge University Press – Anthony Disney (2009) The Reconquista and Its Legacy, 1000-1348 – AntΓ³nio Henriques (2017) Fantastic Stories of the History of Portugal – JoΓ£o Ferreira (2010)
Correction: 10:48 The location of the battle is heavily debated. Contemporary sources said that they do not know where the battle took place, only that it took place on “fields near Ourique”. But today many historians argue that Alfonso couldn’t lead a full military campaign in Alentejo with his limited resources, so deep in Muslim territory (he was only a count with a small realm). A more plausible location is suggested near Vila ChΓ£ de Ourique, which was closer to Portugal’s traditional lands. Nevertheless, historians are divided between Ourique in Alentejo and Vila ChΓ£ de Ourique further north – my opinion is that Vila ChΓ£ de Ourique is much more plausible.
π Sources Joseph F. OβCallaghan – A History of Medieval Spain Joseph F. OβCallaghan – Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain George F. Nafziger, Mark W. Walton – Islam at War: A History Kenneth M. Setton et. al. – A History of the Crusades Vol. II: The Later Crusades
π Sources: Abd al-Wahid al Marrakushi – Account of the Battle of Zallaca, taken from βChristians and Moors in Spainβ – Retrieved from https://deremilitari.org/2013/11/the-battle-of-zallaqa-1086/ David Nicholle & Angus McBride – El Sid and the Spanish Reconquista, 1050-1492 John France – Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000-1300 Ian Heath – Armies of Feudal Europe, 1066-1300 Joseph F. OβCallaghan – Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain Joseph F. OβCallaghan – The Latin Chronicle of the Kings of Castile Richard Fletcher – Moorish Spain
Battle of Jaffa (1192) was the culmination of the clash of Richard and Saladin, two of the most valiant commanders of their era. The encounter finally brought to an end the Third Crusade and cemented both Richard’s and Saladin’s reputation in the history books.
π Get Foreo Bear as a special gift for your significant other: https://foreo.se/ktn2 and use my coupon code HISTORY20 to get 20% off π Big thanks to Foreo for partnering with us on this video!
π¨ Skip the waitlist and invest in blue-chip art for the very first time by signing up for Masterworks: https://masterworks.art/historymarche Purchase shares in great masterpieces from artists like Pablo Picasso, Banksy, Andy Warhol, and more.
π Sources: Howard-Johnston J. The Last Great War of Antiquity. Oxford University Press 2021. Kaegi W. Heraclius Emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge University Press 2003. Daryaee T. Sasanian Persia. IB Tauris 2009. Kaegi W. Byzantine Military Unrest 471-843. Adolf M Hakkert 1981. Kardaras G. Byzantium and the Avars, 6th-9th Century AD. Brill 2019. Luttwak E. The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2009. Pohl W. The Avars. Cornell University Press 2018. Pourshariati P. Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire. IB Tauris 2008. Reinink G, Stolte B (eds.). The Reign of Heraclius (610-641). Peeters 2002. Maksymiuk K. Geography of Roman-Iranian Wars. Uniwersytet Przyrodniczo-Humanistyczny w Siedlcach, Siedlce 2015. Greatrex G, Lieu S. The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars: Part II AD 363-630. Routledge 2002.
Now that we have started to work on the second season of our animated historical documentary series on the Mongol Empire, we decided to make this video to refresh the memory of what happened during the rise of the Mongols. In this video we are covering the conquests of China, Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus, Eastern Europe via the battles of Yehuling, Parwan, Indus River, Kalka, Mohi, Legnica, Ain Jalut, Yamen and others, featuring Genghis Khan, Ogedei, Batu, Kublia, Chagatai, Subutai, Jebe, Tolui, Jalal-ad-din, Baibars, Qutuz and others.
The First Crusade was one of the most extraordinary, bloody and significant episodes in medieval history. It began with an appeal for aid from the Christian Byzantine Empire, threatened by the rising power of the Muslim Seljuk Turks. But when Pope Urban II preached a sermon at Clermont in 1095, the result was unlike anything ever seen before. The Pope offered spiritual salvation to those willing to go east to aid their fellow Christians in a holy war, and help liberate Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Knights and peasants alike signed up in their thousands, leading to the disastrous People’s, or Peasants’, Crusade, then to a much more organised and powerful Princes’ Crusade. Their forces gathered at Constantinople, where they made an uneasy alliance with Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus. Entering Anatolia, they helped to win back the city of Nicaea, then won a decisive but hard-fought victory at Dorlyaeum, before marching on the great city of Antioch…
Music with thanks to Filmstro: https://filmstro.com/?ref=7765
Get 20% off an annual license! Use our exclusive coupon code: EPICHISTORYTV_ANN
Image credits – via Flickr under Creative Commons CC-BY-SA 2.0
Sky – Anyul Rivas
Wooded Hills – Alexander Annenkov
Dramatic Fields – Antonio Caiazzo
Twin peaks of Mount Ararat – Adam Jones
New users can get an in-game starter pack with my creator code historygog and you will have a chance to win a $50 Amazon gift card!
Please check the details of the giveaways here: https://forms.gle/gLErJW2FShxMJxh56
All Guns of Glory events mentioned in the video only available to players in Kingdom#1 to Kingdom#590.
π Sources:
A Military History of the Ottomans – Mesut Uyar
Tuchman (of course π)
David Nicolle – Nicopolis 1396, the Last Crusade
Runciman – A history of the Crusades
