Steve Spangler is a bestselling author, STEM educator and Emmy award-winning television personality with more than 2,100 television appearances to his credit. Steve appeared as a regular guest on the Ellen DeGeneres Show from 2007-2022 (27 appearances).
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The Battle of Ourique is a defining moment in the history of Portugal, as it was here that Afonso Henriques was on July 25, 1139, proclaimed the first King of Portugal by his troops after defeating the Moorish army. The significance of the battle of Ourique cannot be overstated for it secured the founding of the Kingdom of Portugal.
The five blue shields at the very centre of the flag of Portugal represent the five Moorish kings that were defeated by Portugal’s first King Afonso Henriques in the battle of Ourique 1139. The white central shield is the personal armor of this same King and was said to have been given to him in a vision of the crucified Christ on the eve of battle.
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources: The Reconquest Kings of Portugal: Political and Cultural Reorientation on the Medieval Frontier – Stephen Lay (2008) Between Silences: The Coronation of Portuguese Medieval Kings (12th–14th Centuries) – Carla Varela Fernandes (2020) The Teaching of military history at Portuguese universities: Pride and Prejudice – João Gouveia Monteiro (2021) The History of Medieval Portugal in the Deducao cronologica analitica – Filipe Alves Moreira (2022) The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157 – Bernard F. Reilly (1998) Between God and the King: The world of military orders – Isabel Cristina Ferreira Fernandes (2018) A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, volume I, Cambridge University Press – Anthony Disney (2009) The Reconquista and Its Legacy, 1000-1348 – António Henriques (2017) Fantastic Stories of the History of Portugal – João Ferreira (2010)
Correction: 10:48 The location of the battle is heavily debated. Contemporary sources said that they do not know where the battle took place, only that it took place on “fields near Ourique”. But today many historians argue that Alfonso couldn’t lead a full military campaign in Alentejo with his limited resources, so deep in Muslim territory (he was only a count with a small realm). A more plausible location is suggested near Vila Chã de Ourique, which was closer to Portugal’s traditional lands. Nevertheless, historians are divided between Ourique in Alentejo and Vila Chã de Ourique further north – my opinion is that Vila Chã de Ourique is much more plausible.
📸 ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, J. Lee and the PHANGS-JWST and PHANGS-HST Teams, A. Scholz, K. Muzic, A. Langeveld, R. Jayawardhana, A. Adamo (Stockholm University) and the FEAST JWST team, STScI, A. Riess (JHU/STScI), Euclid/Euclid Consortium
Thanks to the incredible precision of our Gaia mission, scientists have discovered potential moons orbiting over 350 asteroids! This nearly doubles the known number of ‘binary asteroids,’ revealing a whole new layer of complexity in our Solar System.
In 2016, scientists spotted Kamo’oalewa ,a 40 to 100 metre object, during a planetary defence survey to discover space rocks that could possibly hit our planet.
At first, the object appeared to orbit Earth in a similar way to our Moon. But astronomers found it was actually orbiting the Sun on a very similar path to Earth. So, Kamo’oalewa was demoted from a potential new moon to a near-Earth asteroid and a quasi-satellite to Earth.
However, the asteroid’s connection to the Moon could run deeper. The object’s Earth-like orbit and Moon-like composition may indicate that it was created when a chunk of the Moon was thrown into space by an asteroid impact.
30 years ago, the comet, Shoemaker-Levy 9, pounded into the southern hemisphere of Jupiter, leaving dark scars in the planet’s atmosphere that persisted for several weeks.
The remarkable event was the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision in the Solar System.
Huge plumes up to 3 thousand kilometres high were created by the impact and raised the atmospheric temperatures to 40,000 degrees Celsius.
Almost 10 years after the collision, our Herschel telescope found conclusive evidence that Shoemaker-Levy 9 was the origin of water found in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere. Our Juice mission launched last year will map the distribution of Jupiter’s atmospheric ingredients in even greater detail.
This kind of collision was more frequent in the early solar system but today, something as large as Shomaker-Levy impacts Earth only once in a million years.
However, it is important we can protect ourselves from such space hazards which is why we are carrying out several projects dedicated to improving our ability to detect, track and mitigate potentially hazardous asteroids and comets, such as our Hera mission currently planned to launch later this year and our new mission, Ramses, which will to rendezvous with the asteroid Apophis.
📹 ESA – European Space Agency 📸 HA. Weaver, T. ESmith (Space Telescope Science Institute), and NASA/ESA 📸 ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser & L. L. Christensen) 📸 H. Hammel, MIT and NASA/ESA 📸 Calar Alto Observatory/Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
Aurora made a rare appearance across both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere skies after Earth was hit by one of the strongest geomagnetic storms for years. The storm over the weekend was classed as the highest G5.
Don’t worry if you missed them, we are entering a “solar maximum” where the Sun becomes very active meaning more storms and a greater chance of seeing Aurora in more places.
Let us know if and where you saw them in the comments👇
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🚩 In the early 10th century, Britain was divided. Several Kings and Earls vied for land and power. King Athelstan brought together the Anglo-Saxons against a newly formed Celtic/Norse army. A defeat for Athelstan would cause the fledgling Kingdom of England to disintegrate. A victory, would ensure its survival.
1. Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos. They are both too light for gravity to make them spherical.
2. It has the highest volcano in the Solar System, the Olympus Mons. It rises 25 kilometres above the surrounding plain: Mount Everest is only one third as high.
3. The air is 100 times thinner than on Earth, and mostly made up of carbon dioxide. Human explorers will have to wear oxygen masks and special suits every time they step outside their sealed homes.
4. Like Earth, the Red Planet has two large ice caps at its north and south poles.
Explore the mysteries behind the Earth-Moon system’s origin with these four intriguing theories. 🌍🌕 Which one do you think holds the key to our celestial companion’s creation?
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🚩 Big thanks to Srpske Bitke https://www.youtube.com/@SrpskeBitke and Dr.Byron Waldron for collaborating with me on this video.
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
📝 Written by Dr. Byron Waldron
🎼 Music: Instinct – Bensound Impact Allegretto – Kevin MacLeod Crypto – Kevin MacLeod Epidemic Sounds Volatile Reaction – Kevin MacLeod
📚 Sources: Carter, M. L. 1985: A Numismatic Reconstruction of Kushano-Sasanian History, Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society) 30, 215-281.
Dodgeon, M. H. & S. N. C. Lieu. (eds.). 1991: The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363: A Documentary History, London & New York: Routledge.
Edwell, P. 2021: Rome and Persia at War: Imperial Competition and Contact, 193-363 CE, London & New York: Routledge.
Hauser, S. R. 2013: Where is the man of Hadr, who once built it and taxed the land by the Tigris and Chaboras? On the significance of the final siege of Hatra, in L. Dirven (ed.), Hatra: Politics, Culture and Religion between Parthia and Rome. Oriens et Occidens 21, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 119-139.
Kettenhofen, E. 1982: Die römisch-persischen Kriege des 3. Jahrhunderts n. Chr.: nach der Inschrift Šāhpuhrs I. an der Ka’be-ye Zartošt (ŠKZ). Beihefte zum Tubinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. Reihe B, Geisteswissenschaften, no. 55, Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert.
Kroll, T. (tr.). 1985: The Chronicle of Arbela. CSCO 468, Scriptores Syri 200, Leuven: Peeters Publishers.
MacDonald, D. 1981: The Death of Gordian III: Another Tradition, Historia 30.4, 502-508.
Mosig-Walburg, K. 2009: Römer und Perser: vom 3. Jahrhunderts bis zum Jahr 363 n. Chr., Gutenberg: Computus.
Piacentini, V. F. 1985: Ardashir I Papakan and the Wars against the Arabs: Working Hypothesis on the Sasanian Hold of the Gulf, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 15, 57-77.
Potter, D. S. 1990: Prophecy and History in the Crisis of the Roman Empire: A Historical Commentary on the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Potter, D. S. 2018: Decius and Valerian, in D. W. Burgersdijk & A. J. Ross (eds.), Imagining Emperors in the Later Roman Empire. Cultural Interactions in the Mediterranean 1, Leiden: Brill.
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🚩 The Battle of Nördlingen (1634) was a crushing victory for the Habsburgs in the Thirty Years’ War. It ended Swedish domination in southern Germany, and it led France to become an active participant in the war.
🚩 This video is made possible by the generous support of our Patrons. If you’d like to help us make more free content like this, consider supporting us on https://www.patreon.com/historymarche
🚩 Big thanks to HistoryVerse for their collaboration on this video: https://www.youtube.com/@Historyverse
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: • The Battle of Nördlingen 1634: The Bloody Fight Between Tercios and Brigades (Century of the Soldier), by Alberto Raúl Esteban Ribas (2021) • Battles of the Thirty Years War: From White Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618-1635 (Contributions in Military Studies Book 213), by William P. Guthrie (2001)
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🚩 Charles XII was one of the greatest military leaders in European history. He defeated Denmark, Poland, Saxony and Russia in a series of brilliant campaigns. A skilled tactician, he had a good eye for choosing a battleground and insisted on personal leadership in battle. His strategic talent, however, was much criticized, especially his decision to wage a long war in Poland and his Russian campaign in 1707-1709.
🚩 This video is made possible by the generous support of our Patrons. If you’d like to help us make more free content like this, consider supporting us on https://www.patreon.com/historymarche
🚩 Big thanks to History Rhymes for their collaboration on this video: https://www.youtube.com/@historyrhymes1701
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
📝 Written by Jonathan Woody
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: Peter the Great: The Strugle for Power, 1671 – 1725 by Paul Bushkovitch
Chicago / Turabian 16th Edition Citation: Bushkovitch, Paul. Peter the Great : the Struggle for Power, 1671-1725. Cambridge ;: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Military Actions at Narva in 1700 According to the Memoirs of Swedish Warriors by Sergei A. Chirkin
Charles XII at Narva in autum 1700: Testimonies from his confidants by Sergei A. Chirkin
Chicago / Turabian 16th Edition Citation: Chirkin, Sergei A. “Сharles XII at Narva in Autumn 1700: Testimonies from His Confidants.” Mastatskaya i Muzychnaya Adukatsiya 21, no. 3 (2021): 288–292.
The Battle of Narva: November 29th, 1700 by Richard Cavendish
Swedish Gamble at the Battle of Narva by Eric Niderost (Warfare History Network, November 2013)
Here’s a big question: How did life begin on Earth? We don’t quite know, but this fundamental question is a driving force behind astrobiology research at NASA. Understanding how life originated on our planet could inform us about the potential for life to exist throughout the universe.
Astrobiology expert Shawn Domagal-Goldman explains more about our search for answers. Explore more about astrobiology at NASA: https://astrobiology.nasa.gov
🚩 The pivotal Battle of Talas pitted the rapidly expanding Muslim armies against the forces of the Chinese Tang Dynasty. The outcome of the battle changed Central Asia for millennia to come.
📝 Sources: Bartold, Vasily (1928). Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion (Trans. T. Minorsky & C.E. Bosworth) Chen, Sanping (2012). Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages Golden, Peter B. (1990). “The Kharakhanids and early Islam” in The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, vol. 1 (ed. Denis Sinor) Hoberman, Barry (Sept/Oct. 1982). “The Battle of Talas” in Aramco World, vol. 33 no. 5 Ibn al-Athir, Ali (ca. 1231) The Complete History Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. Soucek, Svak (2000). A History of Inner Asia Starr, S. Frederick (2004). Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland
The first 1,000 people to use the link will get a 1 month free trial of Skillshare https://skl.sh/historymarche04231 For a limited time (now through April 30, 2023), Skillshare is offering 40% off your first year of membership – one of their best offers out there! https://skl.sh/historymarche40
🚩 Big thanks to Srpske for their collaboration on this video: https://www.youtube.com/@SrpskeBitke 🚩 Big thanks to Dr. Byron Waldron for his research and writing for this video. If you want to learn more about Diocletian, check out his excellent book: https://amz.run/6cSm
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
📝 Written by Dr.Byron Waldron
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: Ancient works consulted: Aurelius Victor’s Liber de Caesaribus, Epitome de Caesaribus, Eusebius’ Chronicon, Eutropius, Festus’ Breviarium, Historia Augusta, Malalas, Orosius, Peter the Patrician, Zonaras, Zosimus.
Ando, C. 2012: Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century, Edinburgh.
Altmayer, K. 2014: Die Herrschaft des Carus, Carinus und Numerianus als Vorläufer der Tetrarchie. Historia Einzelschriften 230, Stuttgart.
De Blois, L. 2019: Image and Reality of Roman Imperial Power in the Third Century AD: The Impact of War, London.
Dodgeon, M. H. & S. N. C. Lieu. 1991: The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363: A Documentary History, London & New York.
Edwell, P. 2021: Rome and Persia at War: Imperial Competition and Contact, 193-363 CE, Oxford & New York.
Kovács, P. 2011: The Battle of Margum or Where Emperor Carinus Died?, Acta Musei Napocensis 45-46/I, 2008-2009, 241-252.
Potter, D. S. 2014: The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180-395, 2nd ed., Oxford & New York.
Rose, C. B. 2021: Reconsidering the Frieze on the Arch of Constantine, JRA 1-36.
Chariklo is an icy, small body, but the largest of the known Centaur population, located more than 3.2 billion kilometres away beyond the orbit of Saturn. Chariklo is only 250 kilometers or ~51 times smaller than Earth in diameter, and its rings orbit at a distance of about 400 kilometers from the center of the body.
On 18 October 2022, a team used the James Webb Space Telescipe to closely monitor the star Gaia DR3 6873519665992128512, and watch for the tell-tale dips in brightness indicating an occultation had taken place. The shadows produced by Chariklo’s rings were clearly detected, demonstrating a new way of using Webb to explore solar system objects. The star shadow due to Chariklo itself tracked just out of Webb’s view. This appulse (the technical name for a close pass with no occultation) was exactly as had been predicted after the last Webb course trajectory maneuver.
Credit: @NASA, ESA, CSA, Leah Hustak (STScI), Pablo Santos-Sanz (IAA-CSIC), Nicolás Morales (IAA-CSIC), Bruno Morgado (UFRJ, ON/MCTI, LIneA)
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We are Europe’s gateway to space. Our mission is to shape the development of Europe’s space capability and ensure that investment in space continues to deliver benefits to the citizens of Europe and the world. Check out https://www.esa.int/ to get up to speed on everything space related.
➤ Sources: The Islamic Conquest of Syria – by al-Waqidi Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century – by Irfan Shahid Yarmuk 636 AD: The Muslim Conquest of Syria – by David Nicolle Forgotten Islamic History – by Naeem Ali The Great Islamic Conquests 632 – 750 – by David Nicolle Khalid Bin Al-Waleed (The Sword Of Allah) – by Abdul Basit Ahmad The Byzantine Wars – by John Haldon Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests – by Walter E. Kaegi The Early Islamic Conquests – by Fred McGraw Donner Decline and fall of the Sassanian Empire – by Parvaneh Pourshariati
🚩In 450 AD, Attila the Hun invaded the West. By this time, the collapse of the Roman Empire was already 100 years in the making. But the famous general Aetius brought Rome back from the brink in the battle of the Catalaunian Plains, in 451 AD.
Where did our Moon come from? Over the years, there have been several theories, but most scientists think it’s likely that a Mars-sized object smashed into Earth, creating what we now see in the sky.
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🚩 On June 24th, 1812, the French Emperor Napoleon led 450 thousand men across the Niemen River into Russia, beginning one of the most notorious military disasters in history. Throughout this 6-month campaign, both French and Russian commanders would struggle with forces far greater than any army: politics, logistics and of course, nature.
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: Chandler D. The Campaigns of Napoleon. Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd 1966. Griess T ed. Atlas for the Wars of Napoleon. Avery Publishing Group Inc 1986. Hartley J, Keenan P, Lieven D eds. Russia and the Napoleonic Wars. Palgrave MacMillan 2015. Lieven D. Russia Against Napoleon. Viking 2010. Nafziger G. Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia. Presidio 1988. Black J. The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. Rowman & Littlefield 2022. Nester W. Napoleon and the Art of Diplomacy. Savas Beatie 2012. Voelcker T. Admiral Saumarez versus Napoleon. The Boydell Press 2008. Lunde H. A Warrior Dynasty. Casemate 2014. [Charles XII] Marvin Girelli
🚩 Go to https://curiositystream.thld.co/historymarche_0922 and use code HISTORYMARCHE to save 25% off today, that’s only $14.99 a year. Thanks to Curiosity Stream for sponsoring today’s video. 🚩 Checkout Part 1 here: https://youtu.be/pRok1fAs4DY 🚩 Today we continue the story of William the Conqueror during his early years as Duke of Normandy. In the previous episode William established control of the duchy in the face of a massive rebellion, with the help of King Henry of France. But now, wary of the duke’s ambition, the French king decided to curb William’s growing power…
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🚩 The Crimean War was the result of Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan. Another cause was a dispute between Russia and France over the privileges of the Russian Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in Palestine. More broadly, struggles between the great powers in the Middle East led to war. The Crimean War produced about 500,000 total casualties, with about half suffered by each side. A disproportionate number of deaths were caused by disease.
🚩 This video was produced in collaboration with Strategy Stuff, check out their channel and give them the credit that they deserve! https://www.youtube.com/c/StrategyStuff
🚩 We apologies for errors in the video. Namely, Catalonia being part of France and not swapping the banner of Nicholas I with Alexander II. In hindsight both of these seem like no-brainers, but we somehow failed to notice them.
🚩 Why Did the Scottish Clan System Collapse? Many pinpoint the bloody Battle of Culloden in 1746 as the moment where everything changed for Scotland’s clan system, as King George’s troops crushed the Jacobite rebellion. In what today might be considered ethnic cleansing, the ruling King of England ordered all supporters of the Jacobite cause be slaughtered, including many of the clans that populated the Scottish Highlands. This was followed by the notorious Highland Clearances and bitter disputes over land ownership, during which any final traces of Highland clans were forced on mass to the sea coast, the Lowlands or abroad.
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🚩 The Fatimid Conquest of Egypt, a pivotal moment in Islamic history. It destroyed any semblance of central authority in the Muslim world, provoked the reaction of the Turks as defenders of orthodox (Sunni) Islam, impelled the Omayyads in Spain to declare their own Caliphate, launched the powerful Murabitun revolution in western Africa, denied the Muslims their last chance to conquer Europe. Moreover the Fatimid schism gave the Crusaders an opportunity to capture Jerusalem in 1099.
