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🚩 Considered one of the most important defeats in Roman history, the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest brought the triumphant period of expansion under Augustus to an abrupt end. It discouraged the Romans from pursuing the full conquest of Germania, instead switching to tribute collection, thus can be considered one of the most important events in European history.
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources: Dio Cassius, Roman History (1st century) Peter S. Wells, The Battle That Stopped Rome (2003) Teutoburg Forest 9 AD – Michael McNally (2007) Germanicus – Lindsay Powell (2013) In the name of Rome – Adrian Goldsworthy (2016)
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🚩 “Deliver us, O Lord, from the arrows of the Hungarians” – A hymn from Modena, Italy c.900 AD. Brenta was one of the earliest battles of the Magyar invasions of Europe. Between 860 and 970, the Magyars were the scourge of Europe. They devastated and pillaged a wide swath of territory, from Bremen in the north, to Otranto in the south, and Orleans in the west, with some raiding expeditions reaching over the Pyrenees Mountains into Iberia.
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro Round drums – Kevin MacLeod
📚 Sources: The Complete Works of Luidprand of Cremona. Transl by Paolo Squatriti. The Catholic University of America Press, Washington D.C., 2007 Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. (1991) Balasz, György, and Karoly Szelényi. The Magyars: The Birth of a European Nation (1989) Bóna, István. The Hungarians and Europe in the 9th-10th centuries (2000)
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📚 After defeating an East Francian army at Pressburg in 907, the Magyars ravage Swabia, Bavaria, and Thuringia, obliging German princes to buy them off or incorporate them into their armies. But when a brave duke in Bavaria ambushes a Magyar army in 909, he shows that they can be defeated. This stirs the 17-year-old king Louis the Child into action. No more tribute is to be paid to the nomads and a military campaign is mounted to not only drive the Magyars out of East Francia, but out of Europe as well…
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: Epidemic Sound Filmstro
📚 Sources: Edwards, Sean J. A., Swarming on the Battlefield: Past, Present, and Future (2000) The Battle of Lechfeld, 910 from Antapodosis, Book II (10th c.) Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. (1991) Balasz, György, and Karoly Szelényi. The Magyars: The Birth of a European Nation (1989)
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: Epidemic Sound Filmstro
📚 Sources: Bellamy, Christopher (1990). The Evolution of Modern Land Warfare: Theory and Practice. Axworthy, Michael (2009). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant. I.B.Tauris. Ghafouri, Ali (2008). History of Iran’s wars: from the Medes to now.
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🚩 In Britain, at the northernmost edge of the empire, Rome’s strategy for command and control failed horribly. For the first time in memory, the Roman army is in retreat and the power of Rome is questioned. The Iceni army led by Boudica has cornered the outnumbered Romans at Mancetter. The Roman general Gaius Suetonius Paulinus steels his men for the battle ahead: “Ignore the racket made by these savages. There are more women than men in their ranks. We have beaten them before and when they see our weapons and feel our spirit, they will crack. Stick together. Throw the javelins, then push forward! Knock them down with your shields and finish them off with your swords. Forget about plunder. Just win and you will have everything!”
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: Epidemic Sound Filmstro
📚 Sources: Boudicca’s Rebellion AD 60–61: The Britons rise up against Rome (2011), Nic Fields, Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978 1 849083133. The Annuls of Imperial Rome (2009), Tacitus, Translated by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb, Digireads.com Publishing. ISBN: 1-4209-2668-3. Boudica & Britain https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/boudica.html
📚 Sources: Fergus Cannon – Galloglas 1250-1600: Gaelic Mercenary Warrior Brendan Kane, Valerie McGowan-Doyles – Elizabeth I and Ireland G.A. Hayes-McCoy – Irish Battles: A Military History of Ireland Hiram Morgan – Tyrone’s Rebellion: The Outbreak of the Nine Years War in Tudor Ireland James O’Neill – The Nine Years War, 1593 – 1603: O’Neill, Mountjoy, and the Military Revolution
🚩 Today we have the Battle of Tolbiac, which took place in Gaul during/after the collapse of the last fragments of the Western Roman Empire. Despite being fought in AD 496 (or 506, depending on who you ask) it marked the beginning of what would one day become modern France.
📚 Sources and citations: Visiting Battlefields: The Battle of Tolbiac – Denny Koch (2015) Bernard S Bachrach – Merovingian Military Organization, 481-751 (1972) John F. Drinkwater – The Alamanni and Rome 213-496: Caracalla to Clovis (2007) Peter Heather – The Restoration of Rome: Barbarian Popes and Imperial Pretenders (2013) Simon MacDowell, Angus McBride – Germanic Warrior, 236-568 (1996) Ian Wood – The Merovingian Kingdoms 450-751 (1994)
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🎼 Music: Epidemic Sounds Filmstro Impact Allegretto – Kevin MacLeod
📚 Sources: Mons Graupius AD 83: Rome’s Battle at the Edge of the World (2010), Cambell, Duncan, B. Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-84603-926-0. Agricola & Germania (2009), Tacitus, Mattingly, H. (Translated). Penguin Classics. ISBN: 978-0-141-96154-5. The Romans in Scotland and the Battle of Mons Graupius (2019), Forder, Simon. Amberley Publishing. ISBN: 9781445690551.
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🚩 Battle of Nedao was a day when Rome breathed a sigh of relief. Attila’s defeat against Aetius in 451 and the limited success of the invasion of Italy in 452, as well as Emperor Marcian’s raids into Hunnic lands, had bruised Attila’s reputation as an invincible warlord. He may have already faced a political crisis after killing his brother Bleda and refusing to pick a new co-ruler, a crisis that culminated with his death in 453 AD with a widespread revolt against Hunnic rule by various Germanic leaders. Attila’s son Ellac inherited his father’s realm and was poised to preserve the Hunnic Empire. To do this he would have to defeat his father’s lieutenants, Ardaric and Valamir…
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: Epidemic Sounds Filmstro
📚 Sources: Collapse of the Hunnic Empire: Jordanes Ardaric and the Battle of Nedao – Bernardo Mingarelli (2018) The Rome that Did Not Fall: The Survival of the East in the Fifth Century – Gerard Friell & Stephen Williams (2005) The Foreign Policies of Theodosius II and Marcian – E.A. Thompson (1950) The Hun: Scourge of God AD 375-565 – Nic Fields (2006)
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🚩 Basil became one of the strongest Byzantine emperors, winning territory in the Balkans, Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Georgia. He crushed rebellions, subdued feudal landowners and conquered the enemies of the Empire. Italy was reorganized and a campaign to retake Sicily was prepared. The might of Roman armies was again respected and feared.
🚩 Big thanks to History Rhymes for collaborating with me on this video: https://www.youtube.com/@historyrhymes1701
🎼 Music: Epidemic Sounds Filmstro Impact Allegretto – Kevin MacLeod
📚 Sources: John Haldon – Byzantium at War AD 600 – 1463 Ian Heath & Angus McBride – Byzantine Armies 886-1118 Ian Heath & Angus McBride – Byzantine Armies 1118 – 1461 Judith Herring – Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire David Nicholle – Manzikert 1071: The Breaking of Byzantium John Julius Norwich – The Normans in the South Paul Stephenson – The Legend of Basil the Bulgar Slayer
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📚 Sources: Crécy 1346: Triumph of the longbow, Nicolle, David. ISBN: 978-1855329669. Trial by Battle: The Hundred Years War, Vol. 1, Sumpton, Jonathan. ISBN: 978-0571200955. The Black Prince, Jones, Michael. ISBN: 978178497936. The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation, Mortimer, Ian. ISBN: 9780224073011.
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🚩 Coming back to you with the next installment of the Basil II, the Bulgar Slayer series. In part 5, Basil decisively defeats Samuel of Bulgaria at Kleidion. The victory was a turning point. It is also during this period that Basil blinded 15,000 Bulgarian troops as punishment, an act that largely contributed to later getting the nickname “the Bulgar-slayer”.
🚩 As requested by many of you on YouTube, here’s the ad-free early access to the Third Crusade Compilation, 1h 30m duration. The conflict was an attempt by western European kingdoms to regain control over the Crusader states, most importantly the kingdom of Jerusalem, which were lost to the Ayyubid Sultan, Saladin in the aftermath of the Battle of Hattin (1187).
🚩 By the end of the 10th, Emperor Basil realized he cannot fight a two-front war. So he began consolidating his position against the Fatimids in the east and shifted his focus west. Between the years 998 and 1004, Basil the Bulgar Slayer began the destruction of the Bulgarian Empire.
Battle of Jaffa (1192) was the culmination of the clash of Richard and Saladin, two of the most valiant commanders of their era. The encounter finally brought to an end the Third Crusade and cemented both Richard’s and Saladin’s reputation in the history books.
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🚩 Otto the Great is remembered for uniting Germany and Italy into the Holy Roman Empire. He finally defeated the Magyars, putting an end into their incursions into Western Europe. This video details Otto’s rise to power, his struggles to centralize power, and his victory in the Battle of Lechfeld, which made him the most powerful ruler in Europe.
📝 Research by Damien Peters 📝 Writing by Damien Peters & HistoryMarche
📚 Sources: Clifford R. Backman – The Worlds of Medieval Europe. Charles R. Bowlus – The Battle of Lechfield and its Aftermath, August 955 AD. Gerhard of Augsburg – Vita Sancti Uodalrici (Life of Saint Ulrich). Tom Holland – The Forge of Christendom: The End of Days and the Epic Rise of the West. Peter Heather – The Restoration of Rome. William Weir – 50 Battles that Changed the World. Widukind of Corvey – Res Gestae Saxonicae Sive Annalium Libri Tres (Deeds of the Saxons, the Three Books of Annals).
📚 Sources: The Battle of Aughrim by Michael McNally (EPUB ISBN: 978 0 7424 9658 0). Kingdom Overthrown by Gerald Fitzgibbon (EPUB ISBN: 978-1-84840-476-2). ‘The Battle of Aughrim 1691’ by G. A. Hayes-McCoy in Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society. The Battlefields of Ireland, from 1688-1691, including Limerick and Athlone, Aughrim and the Boyne by John Boyle (ASIN: B074D1KXR5).
🚩 Basil had successfully stabilized the empire after the civil war, exacerbated by the conflict with the Fatimids in Syria. Samuel of Bulgaria took advantage of the situation to invade the Byzantine Empire in the west. Meanwhile, the Fatimids were preparing to push Romans out of Syria. Emperor Basil now faced a fight on two fronts against two formidable opponents. In this episode we will show the Battle of Spercheios (997 AD) and the Battle of Apamea (998 AD), as Basil tries to organize his army to stave off multiple incursions into Byzantine territory.
🎼 Music: Kevin MacLeod – All This Kevin MacLeod – Impact Allegretto Kevin MacLeod – Impact Kevin MacLeod – Crypto Epidemic Sound Filmstro
📚 Sources: Peter Hoskins – In the Steps of the Black Prince, The Road to Poitiers, 1355-1356 (2011) David Nicolle – Poitiers 1356, The capture of a king (2004) David Green – Battle of Poitiers 1356 (2002) British battles – Poitiers – by Hillaire Belloc (1913)
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🚩 Big thanks to Srpske Bitke https://www.youtube.com/@SrpskeBitke and Dr.Byron Waldron for collaborating with me on this video.
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
📝 Written by Dr. Byron Waldron
🎼 Music: Instinct – Bensound Impact Allegretto – Kevin MacLeod Crypto – Kevin MacLeod Epidemic Sounds Volatile Reaction – Kevin MacLeod
📚 Sources: Carter, M. L. 1985: A Numismatic Reconstruction of Kushano-Sasanian History, Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society) 30, 215-281.
Dodgeon, M. H. & S. N. C. Lieu. (eds.). 1991: The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363: A Documentary History, London & New York: Routledge.
Edwell, P. 2021: Rome and Persia at War: Imperial Competition and Contact, 193-363 CE, London & New York: Routledge.
Hauser, S. R. 2013: Where is the man of Hadr, who once built it and taxed the land by the Tigris and Chaboras? On the significance of the final siege of Hatra, in L. Dirven (ed.), Hatra: Politics, Culture and Religion between Parthia and Rome. Oriens et Occidens 21, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 119-139.
Kettenhofen, E. 1982: Die römisch-persischen Kriege des 3. Jahrhunderts n. Chr.: nach der Inschrift Šāhpuhrs I. an der Ka’be-ye Zartošt (ŠKZ). Beihefte zum Tubinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. Reihe B, Geisteswissenschaften, no. 55, Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert.
Kroll, T. (tr.). 1985: The Chronicle of Arbela. CSCO 468, Scriptores Syri 200, Leuven: Peeters Publishers.
MacDonald, D. 1981: The Death of Gordian III: Another Tradition, Historia 30.4, 502-508.
Mosig-Walburg, K. 2009: Römer und Perser: vom 3. Jahrhunderts bis zum Jahr 363 n. Chr., Gutenberg: Computus.
Piacentini, V. F. 1985: Ardashir I Papakan and the Wars against the Arabs: Working Hypothesis on the Sasanian Hold of the Gulf, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 15, 57-77.
Potter, D. S. 1990: Prophecy and History in the Crisis of the Roman Empire: A Historical Commentary on the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Potter, D. S. 2018: Decius and Valerian, in D. W. Burgersdijk & A. J. Ross (eds.), Imagining Emperors in the Later Roman Empire. Cultural Interactions in the Mediterranean 1, Leiden: Brill.
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📚 Sources: Le Mura Megalitiche: Il Lazio meridionale tra storia e mito – Viviana Fontana (2016) Cassius Dio, Roman History Diodorus Siculus, Library of History Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities Frontinus, Stratagems Livy, From the Founding of the City Polybius, Histories Zonaras, Epitome of Histories Bradley, G. 2020: Early Rome to 290 BC: The Beginnings of the City and the Rise of the Republic, Edinburgh. Cornell, T. 2017: ‘The “Samnite Wars,” 343-290 BC, in M. Whitby & H. Sidebottom (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient Battles, Malden MA, Oxford & Chichester, West Sussex, 2.469-479. Forsyth, G. 2006: A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War, Berkeley. Oakley, S. P. 1997-2005: A Commentary on Livy, Books VI-X, Oxford.
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
📝 Written by Jonathan Woody
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: Joan of Arc: A History by Helen Castor The Agincourt War: A Military History of the Hundred Years’ War from 1369 to 1453 by Alfred H. Burne The Hundred Years War, Volume 4: Cursed Kings by Jonathan Sumption
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🚩 The Great Raid of 1355 that devastated southern France was likened to a “demonic raid” by the locals. In the famous “Apocalypse tapestries” Louis of Anjou commissioned in 1373, it is said that Edward III is depicted as a demon followed by his five sons. The English expedition into southern France laid the groundwork for the upcoming offensive a year later, which would culminate in the famous Battle of Poitiers (1356).
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🚩 Big thanks to History Rhymes for their collaboration on this video: https://www.youtube.com/@historyrhymes1701
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
📝 Written by Jonathan Woody
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: Poitiers 1356: the Capture of a King (Osprey) by David Nicolle (ISBN: 978-1-284176-516-7) The Black Prince by Michael Jones (ISBN: 9781784972936) The Black Prince and the Capture of a King: Poitiers 1356 by Marilyn Livingstone and Morgen Witzel (ISBN: 978-1-61200-452-5) The Battle of Poitiers 1356 by David Green (ISBN: 978-0-7524-9634-4) Chronicles (Penguin Classics) by Jean Froissart (ISBN: 978-0140442007)
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🚩 The Battle of Nördlingen (1634) was a crushing victory for the Habsburgs in the Thirty Years’ War. It ended Swedish domination in southern Germany, and it led France to become an active participant in the war.
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🚩 Big thanks to HistoryVerse for their collaboration on this video: https://www.youtube.com/@Historyverse
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: • The Battle of Nördlingen 1634: The Bloody Fight Between Tercios and Brigades (Century of the Soldier), by Alberto Raúl Esteban Ribas (2021) • Battles of the Thirty Years War: From White Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618-1635 (Contributions in Military Studies Book 213), by William P. Guthrie (2001)
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🚩 Charles XII was one of the greatest military leaders in European history. He defeated Denmark, Poland, Saxony and Russia in a series of brilliant campaigns. A skilled tactician, he had a good eye for choosing a battleground and insisted on personal leadership in battle. His strategic talent, however, was much criticized, especially his decision to wage a long war in Poland and his Russian campaign in 1707-1709.
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🚩 Big thanks to History Rhymes for their collaboration on this video: https://www.youtube.com/@historyrhymes1701
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
📝 Written by Jonathan Woody
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: Peter the Great: The Strugle for Power, 1671 – 1725 by Paul Bushkovitch
Chicago / Turabian 16th Edition Citation: Bushkovitch, Paul. Peter the Great : the Struggle for Power, 1671-1725. Cambridge ;: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Military Actions at Narva in 1700 According to the Memoirs of Swedish Warriors by Sergei A. Chirkin
Charles XII at Narva in autum 1700: Testimonies from his confidants by Sergei A. Chirkin
Chicago / Turabian 16th Edition Citation: Chirkin, Sergei A. “Сharles XII at Narva in Autumn 1700: Testimonies from His Confidants.” Mastatskaya i Muzychnaya Adukatsiya 21, no. 3 (2021): 288–292.
The Battle of Narva: November 29th, 1700 by Richard Cavendish
Swedish Gamble at the Battle of Narva by Eric Niderost (Warfare History Network, November 2013)
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📚 Sources: Castillon: Last Battle of the Hundred Years’ War – Warfare History Network – William E. Welsh (2008) The Agincourt War: A Military History of the Hundred Years War from 1369 to 1453 – Alfred H. Burne (2014) The Hundred Years War – The English in France 1337 – 1453 – D.Seward (2013) John Talbot & the War in France, 1427–1453 – A. J. Pollard (2006) Conquest: The English Kingdom of France, (1417-1450) – Juliet Barker
🚩 I’m happy to share with you the Battle of Aquilonia (293 BC), the final episode of the Third Samnite War series, which saw Rome emerge as the dominant power on the Italian peninsula and began its journey to becoming one of the major power of the ancient world. This video has been long in the making, I hope you enjoy it.
🚩 Big thanks to our Patrons for supporting what we do! For as little as $1 per video you can get ad-free early access to our videos: https://www.patreon.com/historymarche
🚩 Big thanks to Srpske Bitke for their collaboration on this video: https://www.youtube.com/@SrpskeBitke
📚 Sources: Le Mura Megalitiche: Il Lazio meridionale tra storia e mito – Viviana Fontana (2016) Cassius Dio, Roman History Diodorus Siculus, Library of History Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities Frontinus, Stratagems Livy, From the Founding of the City Polybius, Histories Zonaras, Epitome of Histories Bradley, G. 2020: Early Rome to 290 BC: The Beginnings of the City and the Rise of the Republic, Edinburgh. Cornell, T. 2017: ‘The “Samnite Wars,” 343-290 BC, in M. Whitby & H. Sidebottom (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient Battles, Malden MA, Oxford & Chichester, West Sussex, 2.469-479. Forsyth, G. 2006: A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War, Berkeley. Oakley, S. P. 1997-2005: A Commentary on Livy, Books VI-X, Oxford.
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🚩 The Battle of Formigny during the last phase of the Hundred Years’ War was perhaps the most decisive encounter in France’s reconquest of Normandy.
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🚩 The Franks, led by Charles Martel, met the Muslim army commanded by Abd al-Rahman, the Umayyad governor of Spain, in early October 732 AD. Some have argued that this brief conflict influenced the fate of Christian civilization in Europe, while others see it as a simple border skirmish. The truth, it seems, lies somewhere in-between.
🚩 The pivotal Battle of Talas pitted the rapidly expanding Muslim armies against the forces of the Chinese Tang Dynasty. The outcome of the battle changed Central Asia for millennia to come.
📝 Sources: Bartold, Vasily (1928). Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion (Trans. T. Minorsky & C.E. Bosworth) Chen, Sanping (2012). Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages Golden, Peter B. (1990). “The Kharakhanids and early Islam” in The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, vol. 1 (ed. Denis Sinor) Hoberman, Barry (Sept/Oct. 1982). “The Battle of Talas” in Aramco World, vol. 33 no. 5 Ibn al-Athir, Ali (ca. 1231) The Complete History Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. Soucek, Svak (2000). A History of Inner Asia Starr, S. Frederick (2004). Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland
