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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
📝 Written by Jonathan Woody
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: Joan of Arc: A History by Helen Castor The Agincourt War: A Military History of the Hundred Years’ War from 1369 to 1453 by Alfred H. Burne The Hundred Years War, Volume 4: Cursed Kings by Jonathan Sumption
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🚩 The Great Raid of 1355 that devastated southern France was likened to a “demonic raid” by the locals. In the famous “Apocalypse tapestries” Louis of Anjou commissioned in 1373, it is said that Edward III is depicted as a demon followed by his five sons. The English expedition into southern France laid the groundwork for the upcoming offensive a year later, which would culminate in the famous Battle of Poitiers (1356).
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
📝 Written by Jonathan Woody
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: Poitiers 1356: the Capture of a King (Osprey) by David Nicolle (ISBN: 978-1-284176-516-7) The Black Prince by Michael Jones (ISBN: 9781784972936) The Black Prince and the Capture of a King: Poitiers 1356 by Marilyn Livingstone and Morgen Witzel (ISBN: 978-1-61200-452-5) The Battle of Poitiers 1356 by David Green (ISBN: 978-0-7524-9634-4) Chronicles (Penguin Classics) by Jean Froissart (ISBN: 978-0140442007)
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🚩 The Battle of Nördlingen (1634) was a crushing victory for the Habsburgs in the Thirty Years’ War. It ended Swedish domination in southern Germany, and it led France to become an active participant in the war.
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: • The Battle of Nördlingen 1634: The Bloody Fight Between Tercios and Brigades (Century of the Soldier), by Alberto Raúl Esteban Ribas (2021) • Battles of the Thirty Years War: From White Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618-1635 (Contributions in Military Studies Book 213), by William P. Guthrie (2001)
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🚩 Charles XII was one of the greatest military leaders in European history. He defeated Denmark, Poland, Saxony and Russia in a series of brilliant campaigns. A skilled tactician, he had a good eye for choosing a battleground and insisted on personal leadership in battle. His strategic talent, however, was much criticized, especially his decision to wage a long war in Poland and his Russian campaign in 1707-1709.
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
📝 Written by Jonathan Woody
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: Peter the Great: The Strugle for Power, 1671 – 1725 by Paul Bushkovitch
Chicago / Turabian 16th Edition Citation: Bushkovitch, Paul. Peter the Great : the Struggle for Power, 1671-1725. Cambridge ;: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Military Actions at Narva in 1700 According to the Memoirs of Swedish Warriors by Sergei A. Chirkin
Charles XII at Narva in autum 1700: Testimonies from his confidants by Sergei A. Chirkin
Chicago / Turabian 16th Edition Citation: Chirkin, Sergei A. “Сharles XII at Narva in Autumn 1700: Testimonies from His Confidants.” Mastatskaya i Muzychnaya Adukatsiya 21, no. 3 (2021): 288–292.
The Battle of Narva: November 29th, 1700 by Richard Cavendish
Swedish Gamble at the Battle of Narva by Eric Niderost (Warfare History Network, November 2013)
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📚 Sources: Castillon: Last Battle of the Hundred Years’ War – Warfare History Network – William E. Welsh (2008) The Agincourt War: A Military History of the Hundred Years War from 1369 to 1453 – Alfred H. Burne (2014) The Hundred Years War – The English in France 1337 – 1453 – D.Seward (2013) John Talbot & the War in France, 1427–1453 – A. J. Pollard (2006) Conquest: The English Kingdom of France, (1417-1450) – Juliet Barker
🚩 I’m happy to share with you the Battle of Aquilonia (293 BC), the final episode of the Third Samnite War series, which saw Rome emerge as the dominant power on the Italian peninsula and began its journey to becoming one of the major power of the ancient world. This video has been long in the making, I hope you enjoy it.
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📚 Sources: Le Mura Megalitiche: Il Lazio meridionale tra storia e mito – Viviana Fontana (2016) Cassius Dio, Roman History Diodorus Siculus, Library of History Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities Frontinus, Stratagems Livy, From the Founding of the City Polybius, Histories Zonaras, Epitome of Histories Bradley, G. 2020: Early Rome to 290 BC: The Beginnings of the City and the Rise of the Republic, Edinburgh. Cornell, T. 2017: ‘The “Samnite Wars,” 343-290 BC, in M. Whitby & H. Sidebottom (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient Battles, Malden MA, Oxford & Chichester, West Sussex, 2.469-479. Forsyth, G. 2006: A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War, Berkeley. Oakley, S. P. 1997-2005: A Commentary on Livy, Books VI-X, Oxford.
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🚩 The Battle of Formigny during the last phase of the Hundred Years’ War was perhaps the most decisive encounter in France’s reconquest of Normandy.
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🚩 The Franks, led by Charles Martel, met the Muslim army commanded by Abd al-Rahman, the Umayyad governor of Spain, in early October 732 AD. Some have argued that this brief conflict influenced the fate of Christian civilization in Europe, while others see it as a simple border skirmish. The truth, it seems, lies somewhere in-between.
🚩 The pivotal Battle of Talas pitted the rapidly expanding Muslim armies against the forces of the Chinese Tang Dynasty. The outcome of the battle changed Central Asia for millennia to come.
📝 Sources: Bartold, Vasily (1928). Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion (Trans. T. Minorsky & C.E. Bosworth) Chen, Sanping (2012). Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages Golden, Peter B. (1990). “The Kharakhanids and early Islam” in The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, vol. 1 (ed. Denis Sinor) Hoberman, Barry (Sept/Oct. 1982). “The Battle of Talas” in Aramco World, vol. 33 no. 5 Ibn al-Athir, Ali (ca. 1231) The Complete History Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. Soucek, Svak (2000). A History of Inner Asia Starr, S. Frederick (2004). Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland
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🚩 Big thanks to Srpske for their collaboration on this video: https://www.youtube.com/@SrpskeBitke 🚩 Big thanks to Dr. Byron Waldron for his research and writing for this video. If you want to learn more about Diocletian, check out his excellent book: https://amz.run/6cSm
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
📝 Written by Dr.Byron Waldron
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound.com Filmstro
📚 Sources: Ancient works consulted: Aurelius Victor’s Liber de Caesaribus, Epitome de Caesaribus, Eusebius’ Chronicon, Eutropius, Festus’ Breviarium, Historia Augusta, Malalas, Orosius, Peter the Patrician, Zonaras, Zosimus.
Ando, C. 2012: Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century, Edinburgh.
Altmayer, K. 2014: Die Herrschaft des Carus, Carinus und Numerianus als Vorläufer der Tetrarchie. Historia Einzelschriften 230, Stuttgart.
De Blois, L. 2019: Image and Reality of Roman Imperial Power in the Third Century AD: The Impact of War, London.
Dodgeon, M. H. & S. N. C. Lieu. 1991: The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363: A Documentary History, London & New York.
Edwell, P. 2021: Rome and Persia at War: Imperial Competition and Contact, 193-363 CE, Oxford & New York.
Kovács, P. 2011: The Battle of Margum or Where Emperor Carinus Died?, Acta Musei Napocensis 45-46/I, 2008-2009, 241-252.
Potter, D. S. 2014: The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180-395, 2nd ed., Oxford & New York.
Rose, C. B. 2021: Reconsidering the Frieze on the Arch of Constantine, JRA 1-36.
🚩In 450 AD, Attila the Hun invaded the West. By this time, the collapse of the Roman Empire was already 100 years in the making. But the famous general Aetius brought Rome back from the brink in the battle of the Catalaunian Plains, in 451 AD.
🚩 Battle of Obertyn was one in a series of battles led by the famous Jan Tarnowski, and was instrumental in securing the southern Polish border, as well as cementing the fierce reputation of the hussar cavalry and tactics.
🚩 This video was produced in collaboration with Srpske Bitke. Check out their channel and give them the credit that they deserve: https://www.youtube.com/@SrpskeBitke
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
📝 Written by: Jonathan Woody
🎵 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
Sources & Citations: Łopatecki, Karol, and Aleksander Boldyrew. “Meanders of the Polish Military Revolution — Standardization of Cavalry Units.” Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta.Seriia 2, Istoriia. 66, no. 2 (2021): 464–489.
Bołdyrew, Aleksander, and Karol Łopatecki. “Volley Fire in Europe in the Mid-16th Century.” Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana., no. 2 (30) (2021): 3–18.
Ciobanu, Mihai Anatolii. “Documente Moldoveneşti Din Vechi Arhive Moscovite.” Analele Putnei., no. 2 (2017): 55–68.
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📚 Sources: Cassius Dio, Roman History Diodorus Siculus, Library of History Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities Frontinus, Stratagems Livy, From the Founding of the City Polybius, Histories Zonaras, Epitome of Histories Bradley, G. 2020: Early Rome to 290 BC: The Beginnings of the City and the Rise of the Republic, Edinburgh. Cornell, T. 2017: ‘The “Samnite Wars,” 343-290 BC, in M. Whitby & H. Sidebottom (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient Battles, Malden MA, Oxford & Chichester, West Sussex, 2.469-479. Forsyth, G. 2006: A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War, Berkeley. Oakley, S. P. 1997-2005: A Commentary on Livy, Books VI-X, Oxford.
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🚩 The Battle of Tifernum (297 BC) was an important battle of the Third Samnite War, fought between the Romans and the Samnites near the modern town of Città di Castello in central Italy. The outcome of this clash would lead to the decisive Battle of Sentinum in 295 BC…
📚 Sources: Cassius Dio, Roman History Diodorus Siculus, Library of History Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities Frontinus, Stratagems Livy, From the Founding of the City Polybius, Histories Zonaras, Epitome of Histories Bradley, G. 2020: Early Rome to 290 BC: The Beginnings of the City and the Rise of the Republic, Edinburgh. Cornell, T. 2017: ‘The “Samnite Wars,” 343-290 BC, in M. Whitby & H. Sidebottom (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient Battles, Malden MA, Oxford & Chichester, West Sussex, 2.469-479. Forsyth, G. 2006: A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War, Berkeley. Oakley, S. P. 1997-2005: A Commentary on Livy, Books VI-X, Oxford.
🚩 On 27 September 1605, King Charles IX of Sweden penned the following note in his diary: “Was fought the Battle of Kircholm. There many a brave hero fell due to his craven heart. I was hacked in the head but praise the Lord not hurt. I lost the battle.” With these few words the king summed up what was perhaps the worst defeat in Swedish history. It was even more costly than the far-better-known Battle of Poltava, a little over a century later. And the battle was lost even though the Swedish army was three times as strong as the victorious Polish-Lithuanian army. Enemy casualties were minimal. It was a humiliating defeat.
🚩 The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, (AD 451), battle fought between the Huns under Attila and a mixed Roman and Visigoth force under Aetius and Theodoric I; checked the Hunnic advance in Europe. The battle, long-remembered for its ferocity, resulted in Attila’s defeat, though the casualty figures in traditional accounts are probably exaggerated. The Huns’ defeat prevented the widespread destruction and spoliation of Gaul, but it is unlikely that Attila’s horde could have made any deep impression upon the Latin and urban character of the country.
🚩 I combined all parts of our “Battle of the Catalaunian Plains” mini-series for easier viewing. This video was chosen by my Patrons. Thank you so much for your likes and comments ❤️. If you enjoy my videos please consider subscribing.
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🚩 The Crimean War was the result of Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan. Another cause was a dispute between Russia and France over the privileges of the Russian Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in Palestine. More broadly, struggles between the great powers in the Middle East led to war. The Crimean War produced about 500,000 total casualties, with about half suffered by each side. A disproportionate number of deaths were caused by disease.
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🚩 We apologies for errors in the video. Namely, Catalonia being part of France and not swapping the banner of Nicholas I with Alexander II. In hindsight both of these seem like no-brainers, but we somehow failed to notice them.
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🚩 This video was produced in collaboration with my friend Hoc Est Bellum https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl5m12RUvypT4e7w-mWrzsA I’m very happy to be working together on a new series with Hoc Est Bellum! Check out his channel and give him the credit that he deserves.
🚩 By 1859 the decades-long struggle to free Italy from being dominated by the mighty Austrian Empire seemed far from success. But a new secret alliance between two nations – the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and the Second French Empire – gave renewed hope to the effort. These three powers are about to embark on a monumental campaign that will culminate in one of the bloodiest battles of its time. At stake is the fate of Italy.
🚩Sources: Solferino 1859 – The battle for Italy’s freedom, by Richard Brooks (Osprey Publishing) Solferino The Birth of a Nation, by Patrick Turnbull The Campaign of Magenta & Solferino 1859, by Harold Carmichael Wylly C. B. The Shadow Emperor, by Alan Strauss-Schom The Unification of Italy, by Charles River Editors A Memory of Solferino, by Henry Dunant
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🚩 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is often thought of as a state that only looked powerful on the map at one point in history, but that its destruction was in fact inevitable, as it got devoured by its neighbours over time. However, the Battle of Klushino is an example of one of the greatest triumphs of the Polish cavalry and of excellence and supremacy of the Polish military in the early 17th century, as well as their ability to project power and influence well beyond its borders.
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🚩 The Battle of Grunwald was one of medieval Europe’s most bloodiest battles. Polish-Lithuanian victory broke the Teutonic Order, marking the end of the order’s expansion along the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea and the beginning of the decline of its power.
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🚩 In Part 3 the war spreads to Anatolia, as Brutus and Cassius attempt to subdue Rhodes and Lycia. The events trigger the formation of the Second Triumvirate…
🚩 Heraclius’ campaigns are an example of an indirect approach to war strategy. And although his gains would be swiftly lost in the wake of the Muslim Conquest, the method by which they were achieved would remain a point of pride in Byzantine military history.
📜 Sources: Howard-Johnston J. The Last Great War of Antiquity. Oxford University Press 2021. Kaegi W. Heraclius Emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge University Press 2003. Daryaee T. Sasanian Persia. IB Tauris 2009. Kaegi W. Byzantine Military Unrest 471-843. Adolf M Hakkert 1981. Kardaras G. Byzantium and the Avars, 6th-9th Century AD. Brill 2019. Luttwak E. The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2009. Pohl W. The Avars. Cornell University Press 2018. Pourshariati P. Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire. IB Tauris 2008. Reinink G, Stolte B (eds.). The Reign of Heraclius (610-641). Peeters 2002. Maksymiuk K. Geography of Roman-Iranian Wars. Uniwersytet Przyrodniczo-Humanistyczny w Siedlcach, Siedlce 2015. Greatrex G, Lieu S. The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars: Part II AD 363-630. Routledge 2002.
