๐ฉ If you like what you see, consider supporting my work on Patreon and you get ad-free early access to my videos for as little as $1 https://www.patreon.com/historymarche — You can also show your support by subscribing to the channel and liking the video. Thank you for watching.
๐ข Narrated by David McCallion
๐ผ Music: EpidemicSound Storyblocks Filmstro Scary demon by https://www.youtube.com/@neededsoundeffects6988
๐ Sources and citations: Septimius Severus The African Emperor – Anthony Richard Birley (1999) Roman Battle Tactics 109 BC – AD 313 – Ross Cowan (2007) Pax Romana: War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World – Adrian Goldsworthy (2016)
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๐ฉ If you like what you see, consider supporting my work on Patreon and you get ad-free early access to my videos for as little as $1 https://www.patreon.com/historymarche — You can also show your support by subscribing to the channel and liking the video. Thank you for watching.
๐ Sources: Barnes, T. D. 2011: Constantine: Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire, Oxford. Cowan, R. 2016: Milvian Bridge AD 312: Constantineโs Battle for Empire and Faith, Oxford & New York. Cullhed, M. 1994: Conservator Urbis Suae: Studies in the Politics and Propaganda of the Emperor Maxentius, Stockholm. Hughes, I. 2020: A Military Life of Constantine the Great, Barnsley, South Yorkshire. Leadbetter, W. 2009: Galerius and the Will of Diocletian, London & New York. Nixon, C. E. V., & B. S. Rodgers. 1994: In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini, Berkeley. Potter, D. S. 2013: Constantine the Emperor, Oxford & New York. Weiss, P. 2003: The Vision of Constantine, trans. A. R. Birley, Journal of Roman Archaeology 16, 237-259.
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Litvinsky, B. A. 1996: The Hephthalite Empire, in Litvinsky, Z. Guang-da & R. S. Samghabadi (eds.), History of Civilizations of Central Asia III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250-750, Paris, 135-162.
Millward, J. A. 2007: Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, New York.
Payne, R. 2015: The Reinvention of Iran: The Sasanian Empire and the Huns, in M. Maas (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila, New York, 282-300.
Potts, D. T. 2014: Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era, Oxford & New York.
Rezakhani, K. 2017: ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity, Edinburgh.
Whitfield, S. 2018: Silks, Slaves, and Stupas: Material Culture of the Silk Road, Oakland, CA.
Hyun Jin Kim 2013: The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe
๐ Big thanks to Dr.Byron Waldron and Srpske Bitke for working with me on this video.
๐ผ Music: Epidemic Sound Filmstro
๐ Sources: Boteva, D. 2001: On the Chronology of the Gothic Invasions under Philippus and Decius (AD 248-251), Archaeologia Bulgarica 5, 37-44. Boteva, D. 2020: Some Considerations Related to the Scythica Vindobonensia, in F. Mitthof, G. Martin & J. Gruskovรก (eds.), Empire in Crisis: Gothic Invasions and Roman Historiography, Vienna, 195-212. Bursche, A. 2013: The Battle of Abritus, the Imperial Treasury and Aurei in Barbaricum, NC 173, 151-170. Bursche, A. & K. Myzgin. 2020: The Gothic Invasions of the Mid-3rd c. A.D. and the Battle of Abritus: Coins and Archaeology in east-central Barbaricum, JRA 33, 195-229. Carter, M. L. 1985: A Numismatic Reconstruction of Kushano-Sasanian History, Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society) 30, 215-281. Davenport, C. & C. Mallan. 2013: Dexippusโ Letter of Decius: Context and Interpretation, Museum Helveticum 70.1, 57-73. De Blois, L. 2018: Image and Reality of Roman Imperial Power in the Third Century AD: The Impact of War, London. Dodgeon, M. H. & S. N. C. Lieu. 1991: The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363: A Documentary History, London & New York. Gruskovรก, J. & G. Martin. 2015: Zum Angriff der Goten unter Kniva auf eine thrakische Stadt (Scythica Vindobonensia, f. 195v), Tyche 30, 35-53. Gruskovรก, J. & G. Martin. 2017: Neugelesener Text im Wiener Dexipp-Palimpsest (“Scythica Vindobonensia”, f. 195v, Z.6โ10) mit Hilfe der Rรถntgenfluoreszenzanalyse, ZPE 204, 40-46. Johne, K. -P., U. Hartmann & T. Gerhardt (eds.). 2008: Die Zeit der Soldaten-Kaiser. Krise und Transformation des Rรถmischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235-284), 2 Vols., Berlin. Martin, G. and J. Gruskovรก. 2014: โScythica Vindobonensiaโ by Dexippus(?): New Fragments on Deciusโ Gothic Wars, GRBS 54, 728-754. Pearson, P. N. 2022: The Roman Empire in Crisis 248-260: When the Gods Abandoned Rome, Barnsley, South Yorkshire. Potter, D. S. 1990: Prophecy and History in the Crisis of the Roman Empire: A Historical Commentary on the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle, Oxford & New York. Potter, D. S. 2020: Dexippusโ Gothic Anthropology, in F. Mitthof, G. Martin & J. Gruskovรก (eds.), Empire in Crisis: Gothic Invasions and Roman Historiography, Vienna, 357-368. Potter, D. S. 2022: Decius and the Battle near Abritus, in R. Evans & F. Tougher (eds.), Generalship in Ancient Greece, Rome and Byzantium, Edinburgh, 139-150. Wolfram, H. 1988. History of the Goths, trans. T. J. Dunlap, Berkeley & Los Angeles.
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๐ฉBig thanks to Eastern Roman History and Warhawk for collaborating with me on this video. Check out their awesome history content: Eastern Roman History https://www.youtube.com/@EasternRomanHistory Warhawk https://www.youtube.com/@WarhawkYT
๐ผ Music: Instinct – Bensound Impact Allegretto – Kevin MacLeod Crypto – Kevin MacLeod Epidemic Sound Filmstro
๐ Primary sources: Al Baladhuri, The Origins of the Islamic State, translated by Philip K. Hittil, Vols. II (New York: Columbia University, 1916). History of the Patriarchs, Severus ibn al Muqaffaสฟ, Alexandrinische Patriarchengeschichte von S. Marcus bis Michael I 61-767, nach der รคltesten 1266 geschriebenen Hamburger Handschrift im arabischen Urtext, edited by C. F. Seybold (Hamburg, 1912). John of Nikiu, The Chronicle of John Bishop of Nikiu, translated by R. H. Charles (London: Williams and Norgate, 1913).
๐ Scholarship: Booth, P., ‘The Muslim Conquest of Egypt Reconsidered’ in Zuckerman, C. Constructing the Seventh Century, (Paris, 2013). 639-670. Butler, A. J., The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years of Roman Dominion, Reprint 1978 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1902). Howard-Johnston, J., Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
โค Sources: The Islamic Conquest of Syria – by al-Waqidi Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century – by Irfan Shahid Yarmuk 636 AD: The Muslim Conquest of Syria – by David Nicolle Forgotten Islamic History – by Naeem Ali The Great Islamic Conquests 632 – 750 – by David Nicolle Khalid Bin Al-Waleed (The Sword Of Allah) – by Abdul Basit Ahmad The Byzantine Wars – by John Haldon Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests – by Walter E. Kaegi The Early Islamic Conquests – by Fred McGraw Donner Decline and fall of the Sassanian Empire – by Parvaneh Pourshariati
Tรผrkiye and Syria are reeling from one of the worst earthquakes to strike the region in almost a century. Tens of thousands of people have been killed with many more injured in this tragedy. Turkish authorities, along with the United Nations and the International Federation Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies, activated the International Charter โSpace and Major Disastersโ. The Charter provides satellite images of the affected areas to support local teams with their rescue efforts. Philippe Bally, ESA Charter Representative, explains.
We are Europe’s gateway to space. Our mission is to shape the development of Europe’s space capability and ensure that investment in space continues to deliver benefits to the citizens of Europe and the world. Check out https://www.esa.int/ to get up to speed on everything space related.
๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ Many of you requested all parts of the Battle of Dara mini series be merged into one video. I thought it fitting to release it on New Year’s weekend. I’d like to thank all of you for your support! I feel blessed to have such a wonderful community here that has enabled me to do this full time. Huge thanks and much love to you all! I wish you a very Happy 2023! ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐
๐ฉ In the late 5th and early 6th centuries, there began a general ambition by the Byzantine hierarchy to restore the Empireโs territory back to the height of the Roman Empire from where it had evolved. Consequently a series of campaigns began across Italy, North Africa, the Balkans, and the Middle East, to rebuild the former glory. It should be noted that at this point in history, the enemies faced by the Byzantines were far more numerous and better organised than those that Rome had first faced centuries earlier. These were now the evolved enemies that had defeated Rome just 100-150 years earlier. Nevertheless, a Byzantine general by the name Belisarius would rise to the challenge…
๐ฉ Battle of Kadesh 1274 BC was a major battle fought between the Egyptians under Ramses II and the Hittites under Muwatallis. It was one of the world’s largest chariot battles, fought on the banks of the Orontes river, where Ramses II sought to wrest Syria from the Hittites and recapture the Hittite-held city of Kadesh…
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๐ฉ After the defeat at Dara the year prior, the Sassanian King of Kings Kavad I was eager to regain the initiative in the war against the Eastern Roman Empire. His plan was to send an army along the Euphrates and strike deep into Syria, with the ultimate objective being to capture Antioch and cut the Romans off from Palestine and Egypt. But the local Roman garrisons spotted the Persian army and relayed the message to Belisarius, who made way to intercept Kavad’s army in Syria.
๐ฉ I’m very pleased to have worked with Dr. Byron Waldron on this series. His research and incredible insight into the Crisis of the Third Century made this video possible. The Crisis of the Third Century was one of the darkest periods in Roman history. By 270 AD the empire had practically disintegrated, but emperor Aurelian managed to string an unprecedented series of military victories to restore the Roman Empire.
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๐ฉThe battle of Badr has been described as one of the most important battles in Islamic history. And for good reason. Its outcome transformed the Muslims from a marginal religious movement to political contenders on the western coast of Arabia.
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๐ฉThe Battle of the Field of Blood and the broader struggle for Aleppo was an intensely complex affair, drawing in many factionsโFrankish, Turkish, Armenian, Arab, and Byzantine. Like so many of the Crusader Statesโ wars, it was rarely a simple matter of Christians versus Muslims.
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๐ฉ I’m very pleased to have worked with Dr. Byron Waldron on this video. His research and incredible insight into the Crisis of the Third Century made this video possible. The Crisis of the Third Century was one of the darkest periods in Roman history. By 270 AD the empire had practically disintegrated, but emperor Aurelian managed to string an unprecedented series of military victories to restore the Roman Empire. This mini series will feature 3 parts, stay tuned.
๐ฉ Watch thousands of high quality documentaries on CuriosityStream: https://curiositystream.thld.co/historymarcheapr and use the code: HISTORYMARCHE when you sign up to get 30 days of FREE unlimited access.
๐ฉ I’m very pleased to have worked with Dr. Byron Waldron on this video. His research and incredible insight into the Crisis of the Third Century made this video possible. The Crisis of the Third Century was one of the darkest periods in Roman history. By 270 AD the empire had practically disintegrated, but emperor Aurelian managed to string an unprecedented series of military victories to restore the Roman Empire. This mini series will feature 3 parts, stay tuned.
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๐ Special thanks to Byron Waldron for researching and writing the script!
๐ข Narrated by David McCallion
๐ผ Music, courtesy of EpidemicSound
๐ Sources
Barnes, T. D. 1982: The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine, Cambridge, MA & London.
– 1996: Emperors, Panegyrics, Prefects, Provinces and Palaces (284-317), JRA 9, 532-552.
Davenport, C. 2019: A History of the Roman Equestrian Order, Cambridge & New York.
De Blois, L. 2016: Rome and Persia in the Middle of the Third Century AD (230-266), in Slootjes & Peachin, Rome and the Worlds beyond Its Frontiers, 33-44.
– 2018: Image and Reality of Roman Imperial Power in the Third Century AD: The Impact of War, London.
Dignas, B. & E. Winter. 2007: Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals, Cambridge & New York.
Dodgeon, M. H. & S. N. C. Lieu. 1991: The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363: A Documentary History, London & New York.
Farrokh, K. 2005: Sassanian Elite Cavalry AD 224-642, Oxford & New York.
Frye, R. N. 1984: The History of Ancient Iran, Munich.
Leadbetter, W. 2009: Galerius and the Will of Diocletian, London & New York.
Waldron, B. 2018: Diocletian, Hereditary Succession and the Tetrarchic Dynasty, PhD Dissertation, University of Sydney.
Wilkinson, K. W. 2012 : The Sarmatian and the Indians: A New Satirical Epigram on the Victory Titles of Galerius, ZPE 183, 39-52.
Kyle Harper – Pandemics and Passages to Late Antiquity: Rethinking of the Plague of 249-70, described by Cyprian (Journal of Roman Archaeology 28 (2015)
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โค Sources:
The Islamic Conquest of Syria – by al-Waqidi
Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century – by Irfan Shahid
Yarmuk 636 AD: The Muslim Conquest of Syria – by David Nicolle
Forgotten Islamic History – by Naeem Ali
The Great Islamic Conquests 632 – 750 – by David Nicolle
Khalid Bin Al-Waleed (The Sword Of Allah) – by Abdul Basit Ahmad
The Byzantine Wars – by John Haldon
Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests – by Walter E. Kaegi
The Early Islamic Conquests – by Fred McGraw Donner
Decline and fall of the Sassanian Empire – by Parvaneh Pourshariati
โค Visit Squarespace for a free trial, and when youโre ready to launch, go to https://squarespace.com/historymarche to get 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.
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โค Sources:
The Islamic Conquest of Syria – by al-Waqidi
Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century – by Irfan Shahid
Yarmuk 636 AD: The Muslim Conquest of Syria – by David Nicolle
Forgotten Islamic History – by Naeem Ali
The Great Islamic Conquests 632 – 750 – by David Nicolle
Khalid Bin Al-Waleed (The Sword Of Allah) – by Abdul Basit Ahmad
The Byzantine Wars – by John Haldon
Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests – by Walter E. Kaegi
The Early Islamic Conquests – by Fred McGraw Donner
Decline and fall of the Sassanian Empire – by Parvaneh Pourshariati
