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🚩 The mid-12th century Balkans stood at the crossroads, as empires locked in a contest for supremacy over the region. The Byzantine Empire, revitalized under Manuel I Komnenos, sought to push west, while the Kingdom of Hungary, confident and expanding, pushed boldly southward. Rivalry over cities, rivers, and trade routes ignited a struggle that neither power could afford to lose. Diplomacy faltered, alliances shifted, and armies gathered on contested soil. The fate of the region would be decided in Sirmium.
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources: The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143-1180 – Paul Magdalino (1993) The development of the Komnenian army – John W. Birkenmeier (2002) Deeds of John and Manuel Komnenos – John Kinnamos (12th century) O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates – Niketas Choniates (12th century) The Early Medieval Balkans – John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr. (1983)
🔔 Subscribe for more history 🚩 You may also like: The Lion Awakens! History of the Third Crusade ⚔ 1h 30m documentary https://youtu.be/OtrClsZy724
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🚩 By the summer of 1214, the political map of Western Europe teetered on the edge of dramatic upheaval. Decades of dynastic rivalry, shifting alliances, and bitter feuds were converging toward a single, decisive confrontation: the Battle of Bouvines.
At the heart of the conflict stood King Philip II of France, known as Philip Augustus, a monarch whose ambitions had steadily eroded the Angevin Empire’s grip on its continental holdings. Opposing him was a formidable coalition: King John of England, desperate to reclaim lost territories and salvage his crown’s waning prestige; Emperor Otto IV of the Holy Roman Empire, whose fragile rule depended on checking French ascendancy; and rebellious nobles from Flanders and Boulogne, eager to shake off Capetian control.
The stakes were enormous. A French defeat could unravel the monarchy’s hard-won gains and plunge the kingdom into chaos. A loss for the coalition might doom the Angevin cause for good and leave the Emperor dangerously exposed. All of Europe watched and waited, holding its breath, as kings and emperors prepared to gamble their thrones on the fields of Bouvines.
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources: The Legend of Bouvines: War, Religion and Myth in the Middle Ages by Georges Duby (1990) 1214: The Battle of Bouvines (Epic Battles of History) – Anthony Holland (2023) Philip II’s “Eye of Command” and the Battle of Bouvines – Laurence W. Marvin (2024)
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📚 Sources: Pax: War and Peace in Rome’s Golden Age – Tom Holland (2023) Campaigns of Germanicus, 13-16 AD – Ilkka Syvänne (2011) Dio Cassius, Roman History (1st century) Peter S. Wells, The Battle That Stopped Rome (2003) Teutoburg Forest 9 AD – Michael McNally (2007) Germanicus – Lindsay Powell (2013) The Annals – Tacitus (2nd century) In the name of Rome – Adrian Goldsworthy (2016) The Roman Barbarian Wars – The Era of Roman Conquest – Ludwig Heinrich Dyck (2015) Les Limites de L’Empire – Pierre Laederich (2001) The Annals – Tacitus (2nd century) Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the House of Caesar – Tom Holland (2015) Roman Army of the Principate 27 BC – 117 AD – Nic Fields (2009) Roman Auxiliary Cavalryman AD 14 – 193 – Nic Fields (2006)
🚩 In 1513, one of the bloodiest battles between England and Scotland unfolded at Flodden. This video breaks down the causes, events, and aftermath of the Battle of Flodden, where King James IV of Scotland led a doomed campaign against the English forces under Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. Discover why Flodden marked a turning point in Tudor-era warfare, the political tensions behind the battle, and how this clash shaped Anglo-Scottish relations for generations.
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources: Flodden 1513: Scotland’s Greatest Defeat (2006), by John Sadler. Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 1 84176 959 2. Fatal Rivalry: Flodden 1513 (2014), by George Goodwin. First Published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN: 978-0-2978-6740-1.
🚩 In 69 AD, the Roman Empire tore itself apart. Nero’s suicide ended the Julio-Claudian dynasty, plunging Rome into a year of chaos—the Year of the Four Emperors. Galba seized power, but his austerity bred hatred; Otho murdered him for the throne. Yet his rule was short-lived, as Vitellius, a brutish general from Germania, marched on Rome. Their clash at the First Battle of Bedriacum was decisive. Otho, defeated and despondent, took his own life.
But fate had yet another contender: Vespasian, a seasoned general commanding Roman legions in Judaea. His forces crushed Vitellius at the Second Battle of Bedriacum, dragging Rome out from the fires of civil war. Vespasian founded the Flavian dynasty, marking a clean break from the decadence of the Julio-Claudians.
This transition mattered. The Julio-Claudians ruled by birthright, often spiraling into tyranny. The Flavians rose through merit and military power, stabilizing an empire teetering on ruin. The principate was no longer the domain of emperors born into it — it was now earned by those who could hold it. Rome, bloodied but unbroken, had reinvented itself.
🚩 If you like what you see, consider supporting my work on Patreon and you get ad-free early access to my videos for as little as $1 https://www.patreon.com/historymarche — You can also show your support by subscribing to the channel and liking the video. Thank you for watching.
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources: The Histories – Tacitus (2009) The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present, 2nd Revised Edition – Richard Ernest Dupuy & Trevor N.Dupuy (1989)
🚩 Download Star Trek Fleet Command for FREE now here: https://tinyurl.com/33fum8z4 to support my channel, and use the promo code KHANRULES until July 31st to unlock officer Kirk for FREE.
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📚 Sources: Pax: War and Peace in Rome’s Golden Age – Tom Holland (2023) Campaigns of Germanicus, 13-16 AD – Ilkka Syvänne (2011) Dio Cassius, Roman History (1st century) Peter S. Wells, The Battle That Stopped Rome (2003) Teutoburg Forest 9 AD – Michael McNally (2007) Germanicus – Lindsay Powell (2013) The Annals – Tacitus (2nd century) In the name of Rome – Adrian Goldsworthy (2016) The Roman Barbarian Wars – The Era of Roman Conquest – Ludwig Heinrich Dyck (2015) Les Limites de L’Empire – Pierre Laederich (2001) The Annals – Tacitus (2nd century) Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the House of Caesar – Tom Holland (2015) Roman Army of the Principate 27 BC – 117 AD – Nic Fields (2009) Roman Auxiliary Cavalryman AD 14 – 193 – Nic Fields (2006)
🚩 If you like what you see, consider supporting my work on Patreon and you get ad-free early access to my videos for as little as $1 https://www.patreon.com/historymarche — You can also show your support by subscribing to the channel and liking the video. Thank you for watching.
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources: Caesar: the Conquest of Gaul (1982), Translated by S. A. Handford. Published by Penguin Books. Caesar: the Life of a Colossus (2010), by Adrian Goldsworthy. Published by Phoenix. Alesia 52 BC: the Final Struggle for Gaul (Campaign Book 269) (2014), by Nic Fields. Osprey Publishing Ltd.
Corrections:
2:33 To clarify, I’m not depicting Indutiomarus as defeated here. He revolted around the same time as Ambiorix, but withdrew from Labienus’ camp when he heard of Ambiorix’s defeat. Indutiomarus later confronted Labienus’ legion where he was killed. But since I only depicted the opening of the revolt of 53BC and not its entirety, I only had him withdraw at this point.
3:56 Goldsworthy writes (p.376) that Caesar held a council with the Gallic leaders at Durocortorum (modern Reims) “[at] the end of the campaigning season,” so I put ‘Late 53 BC’ as the season generally ended in Autumn (Sep-Nov). It was here that the chieftain Acco was publicly flogged and then executed as the instigator of the trouble among the Senones and Carnutes (which Caesar had temporarily ‘let go’ earlier in the year).
5:52 After the Council at Reims, Caesar writes (p. 154) that he divided his legions in the following way: He had two positioned on the frontier of the Treveri; Two among the Lingones; And finally six at Agedincum (with the Senones).
9:32 Caesar intervenes in Narbo. Goldsworthy writes (P. 387) that Caesar had no legions nearby but had a few “locally raised cohorts” and a few drafts from Cisalpine Gaul, as well as cavalry raised from the area. I gave Caesar an infantry block and a cavalry block here.
10:41 For the political map here I worked off of, primarily, Ceasar’s list (P.156). The Belgae territory and the lands where the legions were wintering were not participating in the revolt yet. The Parisii definitely were, as were the Carnutes and Senones. I included the Veneti and Osismi (Brittany) on the basis of Caesar writing “all of the west coast” which I assume includes the northern part too. I left out the tribes of the Normandy and Flanders regions.
17:39 Before the main attack on Gergovia, Caesar writes that he sent both some cavalry and then a legion to demonstrate for the Gauls in the hills. He does not mention this single legion as involved in his covering force as the main body withdrew. Goldsworthy doesn’t write anything on this either. So I just have these blocks slowly withdraw after the battle.
19:03 Movements of the Aedui in the final attack are based on both Caesar and Goldsworthy. Caesar writes (P. 178) that he sent the Aedui “up the hill by another route on the right”, likely up the same hill but separated from the main body. Goldsworthy (P. 401) writes as much with “…the Aedui [going] up the opposite side of the same spur.” Goldsworthy explains that the terrain was uneven and the legions couldn’t see the Aedui, which explains why – even though the Aedui were nearby – the legions were shocked at their sudden appearance on the right.
19:55 Political map, expansion of the rebellion post-Gergovia. Caesar and Goldsworthy both state that pretty much all of the Gallic and Belgae tribes joined the rebellion after the Aedui defected. The Aedui sent ambassadors after the battle and Noviodunum to push for this. Caesar himself (P. 186) writes that a great council was held at Bibracte and that only the Remi, the Lingones and the Treveri didn’t join the revolt. This corroborates with what Goldsworthy writes (P. 404) that most of the Gallic and Belgae tribes then joined the rebellion, which would be true as the Lingones and Treveri were classed as Gallic or part of Celtica, and the Remi were a Belgic tribe. I therefore reflected this in the political map between Gergovia and Alesia.
27:47 Goldsworthy (P. 410) writes that this attack begun around midnight. He also writes the Gauls let out great cheers to alert Vercingetorix of their arrival.
33:08 I realise that Caesar writes that he received Vercingetorix’s surrender outside of the fortifications, though this is still pretty vague as to exactly where, but I had him placed at the bottom between the walls as this just seemed a natural place to fit all the icons into and show the event of him riding around Caesar and then being arrested.
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📚 Sources: The Roman Barbarian Wars – The Era of Roman Conquest – Ludwig Heinrich Dyck (2015) Campaigns of Germanicus, 13-16 AD – Ilkka Syvänne (2011) Les Limites de L’Empire – Pierre Laederich (2001) Germanicus – Lindsay Powell (2013) The Annals – Tacitus (2nd century) In the name of Rome – Adrian Goldsworthy (2016) Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the House of Caesar – Tom Holland (2015) Roman Army of the Principate 27 BC – 117 AD – Nic Fields (2009) Roman Auxiliary Cavalryman AD 14 – 193 – Nic Fields (2006)
Corrections: 11:24 This is supposed to say 20,000 Romans at the Ems estuary. Apologies!
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In part 21 we head to Sicily. Syracuse was a thorn in Rome’s side that could not be ignored due to its strategic importance. It’s capture was a bitter blow for Hannibal, as Rome could redirect significant resources in manpower, ships, provisions, and commanders to other theaters. Hannibal would feel the brunt of this massive shift. Furthermore, the capture of Syracuse by Rome marked the end of the independence of Greek cities in southern Italy and Sicily.
🎼 Music: Peaks of Atlas – Omri Lahav EpidemicSound Filmstro
Sources and citations: Syracuse in Antiquity – Richard J. Evans (2011) Fortifications of Syracuse: Dionysius I, 405 to 396 BC – Kyle Govan (2016) Hannibal’s Summer campaign of 213 BC – David Feeney (2019) Fall of Carthage – Adrian Goldsworthy (2003) From the Founding of the City – by Livy, translated by Canon Roberts (1905) The Punic Wars – Nigel Bagnall (2008) Hannibal – G. P. Baker (1999) Hannibal’s War – John Peddie (2005) The History of Rome, Livy (2006) The Rise of the Roman Empire – Polybius (translation by Ian Scott-Kilvert) (1980) A companion to the Punic Wars – Dexter Hoyos (2015)
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In 105 BC, two Germanian tribes, the Teutones and the Cimbri, defeated a huge Roman army at Arausio – apparently, some 80,000 Roman and Italian soldiers died. In terms of losses, this battle is regarded as the worst defeat in the history of ancient Rome, surpassing the Battle of Cannae. While Arausio was a massive defeat and did result in some political upheval, it resulted in few notable long term events and the tribes we’re never able or willing to exploit the victory. In 104 BC, a new Consul will lead the recovery of Rome… Gaius Marius.
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources: The Cimbrian War: the Rise of Caius Marius (2023) by Nic Fields. Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN: (ebook) 9781472854940. Invasion: Rome Against the Cimbri (113-101 BC) (2022) by Philip Matyszak. Published by Pen and Sword Military. ISBN: 978-1-39909-731-4. Gaius Marius: the Rise and Fall of Rome’s Saviour (2017) by Marc Hyden. Published by Pen and Sword Military. ISBN: 978-1-52670-233-3. Fall of the Roman Republic (Six Lives) by Plutarch. Translated by Rex Warner. First published in 1958 by Penguin Classics. The History Of Rome – Volume 3 (1880) by Theodor Mommsen. Printed by William Clowes and Sons Ltd. The Geography of Strabo, Translated by Horace Leonard Jones. Published by G. P. Putnam’s Sons. Appian’s Roman History II (1912) Translated by Horace White. Loeb Classical Library. Periochae (66-70) by Livy: https://www.livius.org/sources/content/livy/livy-periochae-66-70/
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🎼 Music: Peaks of Atlas – Omri Lahav EpidemicSound Filmstro
Sources and citations: Part 18 & 19: The Second Punic War: The battle of Hibera, 215 BC – David Feeney (2019) The Punic Wars, 264 – 146 BC – Nigel Bagnall (2002) Hannibal – G. P. Baker (1999) Hannibal’s War – John Peddie (2005) Hannibal: A History of the Art of War – Theodore Ayrault Dodge (2012) Fall of Carthage – Adrian Goldsworthy (2003) Cannae: Hannibal’s Greatest Victory – Adrian Goldsworthy (2019) The History of Rome, Livy (2006) Histories, Book 7 (from The Complete Histories) – Polybius (2009) The Rise of the Roman Empire – Polybius (translation by Ian Scott-Kilvert) (1980) A companion to the Punic Wars – Dexter Hoyos (2015) Problems of the Second Punic War: III. Rome and Her Italian Allies
Part 20: Sicily and the Second Punic War: The (Re)Organisation of Rome’s First Province – John Serrati Hannibal’s Summer campaign of 213 BC – David Feeney (2019) Fall of Carthage – Adrian Goldsworthy (2003) From the Founding of the City – by Livy, translated by Canon Roberts (1905) The Punic Wars – Nigel Bagnall (2008) Hannibal – G. P. Baker (1999) Hannibal’s War – John Peddie (2005) The History of Rome, Livy (2006) The Rise of the Roman Empire – Polybius (translation by Ian Scott-Kilvert) (1980) A companion to the Punic Wars – Dexter Hoyos (2015)
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In part 20 we continue where we left off after the 2nd Battle of Nola, with Hannibal wintering in Apulia in late 215 BC, and we go up to the Battle of Tarentum in the spring of 212 BC. I won’t give any other spoilers!
🎼 Music: Peaks of Atlas – Omri Lahav EpidemicSound Filmstro
Sources and citations: Hannibal’s Summer campaign of 213 BC – David Feeney (2019) Fall of Carthage – Adrian Goldsworthy (2003) From the Founding of the City – by Livy, translated by Canon Roberts (1905) The Punic Wars – Nigel Bagnall (2008) Hannibal – G. P. Baker (1999) Hannibal’s War – John Peddie (2005) The History of Rome, Livy (2006) The Rise of the Roman Empire – Polybius (translation by Ian Scott-Kilvert) (1980) A companion to the Punic Wars – Dexter Hoyos (2015)
Germanicus is here! Today we continue the “Lost Eagles” series. In the aftermath of the ambush at Teutoburg Forest, Roman control over Germania east of the Rhine was severely damaged – you can watch Episode 1 – Battle of the Teutoburg Forest here https://youtu.be/vHGK43Jy6oM.
Episode 2 features three battles! We cover Tiberius’ retaliatory campaigns from 10 to 13 AD and Germanicus’ gigantic operation to reclaim Roman dominance in 14 and 15 AD, culminating with the Battle of Pontes Longi.
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro Storyblocks
📚 Sources: Campaigns of Germanicus, 13-16 AD – Ilkka Syvänne (2011) Dio Cassius, Roman History (1st century) Peter S. Wells, The Battle That Stopped Rome (2003) Teutoburg Forest 9 AD – Michael McNally (2007) Germanicus – Lindsay Powell (2013) The Annals – Tacitus (2nd century) In the name of Rome – Adrian Goldsworthy (2016)
🚩 I merged the episodes of the 2nd Persian Invasion series into one video, for easier viewing. The Second Persian Invasion was a pivotal moment in Ancient Greek history. Xerxes I, seeking revenge for his father’s defeat at Marathon, led a massive army to conquer Greece. The Greeks, led by Athens and Sparta, united to face this existential threat.
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📚 Sources: Thermopylae 480 BC, Last Stand of the 300, (2007) Nic Fields (Osprey Publishing). ISBN: 978 184176 180 0 Thermopylae: The Battle That Changed The World (2013) Paul Cartledge (Pan Books). ISBN: 978-0-330-47562-4 Salamis: the naval campaign that saved Greece (2010), by William Shepherd. Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-84603-684-2. Herodotus: the Histories (2003), Translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt, revised by John Marincola. Published by the Penguin Group. Three Epic Battles That Saved Democracy: Marathon, Thermopylae and Salamis (2022), by Stephen P. Kershaw. Published by Robinson. ISBN: 978-1-47214-564-2. Plataea 479 BC: The most glorious victory ever seen (2012), by William Shepherd. Published by Osprey Publishing Ltd.
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Storyblocks Filmstro Scary demon by https://www.youtube.com/@neededsoundeffects6988
📚 Sources and citations: Septimius Severus The African Emperor – Anthony Richard Birley (1999) Roman Battle Tactics 109 BC – AD 313 – Ross Cowan (2007) Pax Romana: War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World – Adrian Goldsworthy (2016)
🚩 Visit https://betterhelp.com/historymarche or use “historymarche” when you sign up to get a special discount on your first month of therapy with our sponsor BetterHelp. 🚩 If you have any questions about the brand relating to how the therapists are licensed, their privacy policy, or therapist compensation model, check out this FAQ: https://www.betterhelp.com/your-questions-answered/
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Storyblocks Filmstro
📚 Sources: Adrianople AD 378, MacDowall, Simon (2001), Osprey Publishing, ISBN: 9781841761473. Imperial Brothers: Valentinian, Valens and the Disaster at Adrianople, Hughes, Ian (2013), ISBN: 978-1-84884-417-9.
🚩 If you like what you see, consider supporting my work on Patreon and you get ad-free early access to my videos for as little as $1 https://www.patreon.com/historymarche — You can also show your support by subscribing to the channel and liking the video. Thank you for watching.
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro Storyblocks
📚 Sources: Plataea 479 BC: The most glorious victory ever seen (2012), by William Shepherd. Published by Osprey Publishing Ltd. Herodotus: the Histories (2003), Translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt, revised by John Marincola. Published by the Penguin Group. Three Epic Battles That Saved Democracy: Marathon, Thermopylae and Salamis (2022), by Stephen P. Kershaw. Published by Robinson. ISBN: 978-1-47214-564-2.
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🚩 If you like what you see, consider supporting my work on Patreon and you get ad-free early access to my videos for as little as $1 https://www.patreon.com/historymarche — You can also show your support by subscribing to the channel and liking the video. Thank you for watching.
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro Storyblocks
📚 Sources: Salamis: the naval campaign that saved Greece (2010), by William Shepherd. Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-84603-684-2. Herodotus: the Histories (2003), Translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt, revised by John Marincola. Published by the Penguin Group. Three Epic Battles That Saved Democracy: Marathon, Thermopylae and Salamis (2022), by Stephen P. Kershaw. Published by Robinson. ISBN: 978-1-47214-564-2.
Disclosures: This is not an offer of a security or investment advice. See important disclosures at masterworks.com/cd. Past performance is not indicative of future returns. View all past offerings here. No money is being solicited or will be accepted until the offering statement for a particular offering has been qualified by the SEC. Offers may be revoked at any time. Contacting Masterworks involves no commitment or obligation. Price appreciation data based on repeat-sales index of historical Post-War & Contemporary Art market prices from 1995 to 2023, developed by Masterworks. There are significant limitations to comparative asset class data. Indices are unmanaged and a Masterworks investor cannot invest directly in an index. Aggregate net investor proceeds represents the total liquidation proceeds distributed back to investors, net of all fees, expenses and proceeds reinvested in Masterworks offerings, of all works Masterworks has exited to date. This metric is not considered a presentation of performance but rather a mathematical figure that displays a platform metric on size, scale, and operation of the platform. Art sales price data is comparative only. Each painting is unique and historical data is not a direct proxy for any specific painting or investment. Data represents whole art not an investment into our offerings which includes fees and expenses. Past sales are not indicative of future results.
Skip the waitlist and invest in blue-chip art for the very first time by signing up for Masterworks: https://www.masterworks.art/historymarche Purchase shares in great masterpieces from artists like Pablo Picasso, Banksy, Andy Warhol, and more. See important Masterworks disclosures: https://www.masterworks.com/cd
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources: The Battle of the Golden Spurs (Courtrai, 11 July 1302) – J.F. Verbruggen (2001) The Golden Spurs of Kortrijk: How the Knights of France Fell to the Foot Soldiers of Flanders in 1302 – Randall Fegley (2002)
Disclosures: This is not an offer of a security or investment advice. See important disclosures at masterworks.com/cd. Past performance is not indicative of future returns. View all past offerings here. No money is being solicited or will be accepted until the offering statement for a particular offering has been qualified by the SEC. Offers may be revoked at any time. Contacting Masterworks involves no commitment or obligation. Price appreciation data based on repeat-sales index of historical Post-War & Contemporary Art market prices from 1995 to 2023, developed by Masterworks. There are significant limitations to comparative asset class data. Indices are unmanaged and a Masterworks investor cannot invest directly in an index. Aggregate net investor proceeds represents the total liquidation proceeds distributed back to investors, net of all fees, expenses and proceeds reinvested in Masterworks offerings, of all works Masterworks has exited to date. This metric is not considered a presentation of performance but rather a mathematical figure that displays a platform metric on size, scale, and operation of the platform. Art sales price data is comparative only. Each painting is unique and historical data is not a direct proxy for any specific painting or investment. Data represents whole art not an investment into our offerings which includes fees and expenses. Past sales are not indicative of future results.
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🚩 Considered one of the most important defeats in Roman history, the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest brought the triumphant period of expansion under Augustus to an abrupt end. It discouraged the Romans from pursuing the full conquest of Germania, instead switching to tribute collection, thus can be considered one of the most important events in European history.
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources: Dio Cassius, Roman History (1st century) Peter S. Wells, The Battle That Stopped Rome (2003) Teutoburg Forest 9 AD – Michael McNally (2007) Germanicus – Lindsay Powell (2013) In the name of Rome – Adrian Goldsworthy (2016)
The Magyars have always fascinated me, especially after their settlement of the Carpathian basin post 895 to 905. Their raids over the next 55 years reached as far as the Pyrenees and were successful enough that the Byzantine Empire and several other kingdoms chose to pay off the Magyars to gain relief from invasion. Their raids were finally brought to an end in 955 at the Battle of Augsburg when King Otto I of Germany defeated the Magyars.
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources: Clifford R. Backman – The Worlds of Medieval Europe. Charles R. Bowlus – The Battle of Lechfield and its Aftermath, August 955 AD. Gerhard of Augsburg – Vita Sancti Uodalrici (Life of Saint Ulrich). Tom Holland – The Forge of Christendom: The End of Days and the Epic Rise of the West. Peter Heather – The Restoration of Rome. William Weir – 50 Battles that Changed the World. Widukind of Corvey – Res Gestae Saxonicae Sive Annalium Libri Tres (Deeds of the Saxons, the Three Books of Annals). The Complete Works of Luidprand of Cremona. Transl by Paolo Squatriti. The Catholic University of America Press, Washington D.C., 2007 Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. (1991) Balasz, György, and Karoly Szelényi. The Magyars: The Birth of a European Nation (1989) Bóna, István. The Hungarians and Europe in the 9th-10th centuries (2000) Edwards, Sean J. A., Swarming on the Battlefield: Past, Present, and Future (2000) The Battle of Lechfeld, 910 from Antapodosis, Book II (10th c.)
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🚩In 1403, a rebellion broke out in England that would culminate in one of the bloodiest battles to ever take place on English soil. On 21 July 1403, King Henry IV with his son Hal, the future Henry V, went head to head with a Northern traitor – Henry ‘Hotspur’. The Battle of Shrewsbury would pit rebel against royalist. Englishman against Englishman. At stake was the crown of England. The lessons learned in this battle by the young Henry V would go on to prove crucial at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, one of England’s most important triumphs in the Hundred Years’ War.
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources: Shrewsbury 1403: Struggle for a Fragile Crown (2017) by Dickon Whitewood. Osprey Publishing. ISBN: 9781472826794. The Fears of Henry IV: The Life of England’s Self-Made King (2007) by Ian Mortimer. Published by Jonathan Cape. ISBN: 978-0-224-07300-4. Hotspur: Henry Percy: Medieval Rebel (2022) by Andrew Boardman. First Published by Sutton Publishing Ltd (2003). ISBN: 978-1-80399-243-3.
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🚩 “Deliver us, O Lord, from the arrows of the Hungarians” – A hymn from Modena, Italy c.900 AD. Brenta was one of the earliest battles of the Magyar invasions of Europe. Between 860 and 970, the Magyars were the scourge of Europe. They devastated and pillaged a wide swath of territory, from Bremen in the north, to Otranto in the south, and Orleans in the west, with some raiding expeditions reaching over the Pyrenees Mountains into Iberia.
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro Round drums – Kevin MacLeod
📚 Sources: The Complete Works of Luidprand of Cremona. Transl by Paolo Squatriti. The Catholic University of America Press, Washington D.C., 2007 Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. (1991) Balasz, György, and Karoly Szelényi. The Magyars: The Birth of a European Nation (1989) Bóna, István. The Hungarians and Europe in the 9th-10th centuries (2000)
🚩 Battle of Halidon Hill (1333) played a big part in the development of English military tactics. Edward III would later use the same defensive setup to confound the mounted chivalry of France at the Battles of Crécy and Poitiers. This was Edward III’s first battle and the only one that he fought in England. At Halidon Hill he witnessed the strength of the defensive combination of archers and dismounted men-at-arms already used to great effect by Edward Balliol the previous year at the Battle of Dupplin Moor in Scotland.
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro Round drums – Kevin MacLeod
📚 Sources: The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation (2006), by Ian Mortimer, Published by Jonathan Cape. ISBN: 9780224073011. ‘The Siege of Berwick, 1333’ The Scottish Historical Review, Vol. 40, No. 129, Part 1 (Apr., 1961), pp. 19-42, by Ranald Nicholson. Published by: Edinburgh University Press. The Greatest Traitor: the Life of Sir Roger Mortimer Ruler of England 1327-1330 (2010) by Ian Mortimer. Published by: Vintage. ISBN: 9781407066394. The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272-1346 (1913), by Maxwell, Herbert Eustace, Sir, bart., 1845-1937, tr; Wilson, James, Vicar of Dalston. Hundred Years War Vol 1: Trial by Battle (2010) by Jonathan Sumption. Published by Faber and Faber Ltd. ISBN: 980-0-571-26658-6. Chronicles (1978) by Jean Froissart, Edited and Translation by Geoffrey Brereton. Published by Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-141-90456-6. True Chronicles (1904) by Jean le Bel. Link: https://archive.org/details/le-bel-chronique-de-jean-le-bel-v-1 The orygynale cronykil of Scotland. By Andrew of Wyntoun. Edited by David Laing: https://archive.org/details/orygynalecronyki03andruoft/mode/2up
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📚 After defeating an East Francian army at Pressburg in 907, the Magyars ravage Swabia, Bavaria, and Thuringia, obliging German princes to buy them off or incorporate them into their armies. But when a brave duke in Bavaria ambushes a Magyar army in 909, he shows that they can be defeated. This stirs the 17-year-old king Louis the Child into action. No more tribute is to be paid to the nomads and a military campaign is mounted to not only drive the Magyars out of East Francia, but out of Europe as well…
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: Epidemic Sound Filmstro
📚 Sources: Edwards, Sean J. A., Swarming on the Battlefield: Past, Present, and Future (2000) The Battle of Lechfeld, 910 from Antapodosis, Book II (10th c.) Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. (1991) Balasz, György, and Karoly Szelényi. The Magyars: The Birth of a European Nation (1989)
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🚩 If you like what you see, consider supporting my work on Patreon and you get ad-free early access to my videos for as little as $1 https://www.patreon.com/historymarche — You can also show your support by subscribing to the channel and liking the video. Thank you for watching.
📚 Sources: Barnes, T. D. 2011: Constantine: Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire, Oxford. Cowan, R. 2016: Milvian Bridge AD 312: Constantine’s Battle for Empire and Faith, Oxford & New York. Cullhed, M. 1994: Conservator Urbis Suae: Studies in the Politics and Propaganda of the Emperor Maxentius, Stockholm. Hughes, I. 2020: A Military Life of Constantine the Great, Barnsley, South Yorkshire. Leadbetter, W. 2009: Galerius and the Will of Diocletian, London & New York. Nixon, C. E. V., & B. S. Rodgers. 1994: In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini, Berkeley. Potter, D. S. 2013: Constantine the Emperor, Oxford & New York. Weiss, P. 2003: The Vision of Constantine, trans. A. R. Birley, Journal of Roman Archaeology 16, 237-259.
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: Epidemic Sound Filmstro
📚 Sources: Bellamy, Christopher (1990). The Evolution of Modern Land Warfare: Theory and Practice. Axworthy, Michael (2009). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant. I.B.Tauris. Ghafouri, Ali (2008). History of Iran’s wars: from the Medes to now.
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🚩 In Britain, at the northernmost edge of the empire, Rome’s strategy for command and control failed horribly. For the first time in memory, the Roman army is in retreat and the power of Rome is questioned. The Iceni army led by Boudica has cornered the outnumbered Romans at Mancetter. The Roman general Gaius Suetonius Paulinus steels his men for the battle ahead: “Ignore the racket made by these savages. There are more women than men in their ranks. We have beaten them before and when they see our weapons and feel our spirit, they will crack. Stick together. Throw the javelins, then push forward! Knock them down with your shields and finish them off with your swords. Forget about plunder. Just win and you will have everything!”
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: Epidemic Sound Filmstro
📚 Sources: Boudicca’s Rebellion AD 60–61: The Britons rise up against Rome (2011), Nic Fields, Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978 1 849083133. The Annuls of Imperial Rome (2009), Tacitus, Translated by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb, Digireads.com Publishing. ISBN: 1-4209-2668-3. Boudica & Britain https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/boudica.html
📚 Sources: Thermopylae 480 BC, Last Stand of the 300, (2007) Nic Fields (Osprey Publishing). ISBN: 978 184176 180 0 Thermopylae: The Battle That Changed The World (2013) Paul Cartledge (Pan Books). ISBN: 978-0-330-47562-4
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📚 Sources: “Corpus Draculianum” – by Thomas Bohn, Adrian Gheorghe, Christof Paulus, Albert Weber “Roots of Balkanization” – by Ion Grumeza “Dracula” – by Matei Cazacu “Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time” – by Franz Babinger “Vlad der Pfähler – Dracula” – by Thomas M. Bohn, Rayk Einax, Stefan Rohdewald
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Litvinsky, B. A. 1996: The Hephthalite Empire, in Litvinsky, Z. Guang-da & R. S. Samghabadi (eds.), History of Civilizations of Central Asia III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250-750, Paris, 135-162.
Millward, J. A. 2007: Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, New York.
Payne, R. 2015: The Reinvention of Iran: The Sasanian Empire and the Huns, in M. Maas (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila, New York, 282-300.
Potts, D. T. 2014: Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era, Oxford & New York.
Rezakhani, K. 2017: ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity, Edinburgh.
Whitfield, S. 2018: Silks, Slaves, and Stupas: Material Culture of the Silk Road, Oakland, CA.
Hyun Jin Kim 2013: The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe
📚 Sources: Fergus Cannon – Galloglas 1250-1600: Gaelic Mercenary Warrior Brendan Kane, Valerie McGowan-Doyles – Elizabeth I and Ireland G.A. Hayes-McCoy – Irish Battles: A Military History of Ireland Hiram Morgan – Tyrone’s Rebellion: The Outbreak of the Nine Years War in Tudor Ireland James O’Neill – The Nine Years War, 1593 – 1603: O’Neill, Mountjoy, and the Military Revolution
📚 Big thanks to Dr.Byron Waldron and Srpske Bitke for working with me on this video.
🎼 Music: Epidemic Sound Filmstro
📚 Sources: Boteva, D. 2001: On the Chronology of the Gothic Invasions under Philippus and Decius (AD 248-251), Archaeologia Bulgarica 5, 37-44. Boteva, D. 2020: Some Considerations Related to the Scythica Vindobonensia, in F. Mitthof, G. Martin & J. Grusková (eds.), Empire in Crisis: Gothic Invasions and Roman Historiography, Vienna, 195-212. Bursche, A. 2013: The Battle of Abritus, the Imperial Treasury and Aurei in Barbaricum, NC 173, 151-170. Bursche, A. & K. Myzgin. 2020: The Gothic Invasions of the Mid-3rd c. A.D. and the Battle of Abritus: Coins and Archaeology in east-central Barbaricum, JRA 33, 195-229. Carter, M. L. 1985: A Numismatic Reconstruction of Kushano-Sasanian History, Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society) 30, 215-281. Davenport, C. & C. Mallan. 2013: Dexippus’ Letter of Decius: Context and Interpretation, Museum Helveticum 70.1, 57-73. De Blois, L. 2018: Image and Reality of Roman Imperial Power in the Third Century AD: The Impact of War, London. Dodgeon, M. H. & S. N. C. Lieu. 1991: The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363: A Documentary History, London & New York. Grusková, J. & G. Martin. 2015: Zum Angriff der Goten unter Kniva auf eine thrakische Stadt (Scythica Vindobonensia, f. 195v), Tyche 30, 35-53. Grusková, J. & G. Martin. 2017: Neugelesener Text im Wiener Dexipp-Palimpsest (“Scythica Vindobonensia”, f. 195v, Z.6–10) mit Hilfe der Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse, ZPE 204, 40-46. Johne, K. -P., U. Hartmann & T. Gerhardt (eds.). 2008: Die Zeit der Soldaten-Kaiser. Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235-284), 2 Vols., Berlin. Martin, G. and J. Grusková. 2014: “Scythica Vindobonensia” by Dexippus(?): New Fragments on Decius’ Gothic Wars, GRBS 54, 728-754. Pearson, P. N. 2022: The Roman Empire in Crisis 248-260: When the Gods Abandoned Rome, Barnsley, South Yorkshire. Potter, D. S. 1990: Prophecy and History in the Crisis of the Roman Empire: A Historical Commentary on the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle, Oxford & New York. Potter, D. S. 2020: Dexippus’ Gothic Anthropology, in F. Mitthof, G. Martin & J. Grusková (eds.), Empire in Crisis: Gothic Invasions and Roman Historiography, Vienna, 357-368. Potter, D. S. 2022: Decius and the Battle near Abritus, in R. Evans & F. Tougher (eds.), Generalship in Ancient Greece, Rome and Byzantium, Edinburgh, 139-150. Wolfram, H. 1988. History of the Goths, trans. T. J. Dunlap, Berkeley & Los Angeles.
🚩 Today we have the Battle of Tolbiac, which took place in Gaul during/after the collapse of the last fragments of the Western Roman Empire. Despite being fought in AD 496 (or 506, depending on who you ask) it marked the beginning of what would one day become modern France.
📚 Sources and citations: Visiting Battlefields: The Battle of Tolbiac – Denny Koch (2015) Bernard S Bachrach – Merovingian Military Organization, 481-751 (1972) John F. Drinkwater – The Alamanni and Rome 213-496: Caracalla to Clovis (2007) Peter Heather – The Restoration of Rome: Barbarian Popes and Imperial Pretenders (2013) Simon MacDowell, Angus McBride – Germanic Warrior, 236-568 (1996) Ian Wood – The Merovingian Kingdoms 450-751 (1994)
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🚩Big thanks to Eastern Roman History and Warhawk for collaborating with me on this video. Check out their awesome history content: Eastern Roman History https://www.youtube.com/@EasternRomanHistory Warhawk https://www.youtube.com/@WarhawkYT
🎼 Music: Instinct – Bensound Impact Allegretto – Kevin MacLeod Crypto – Kevin MacLeod Epidemic Sound Filmstro
📚 Primary sources: Al Baladhuri, The Origins of the Islamic State, translated by Philip K. Hittil, Vols. II (New York: Columbia University, 1916). History of the Patriarchs, Severus ibn al Muqaffaʿ, Alexandrinische Patriarchengeschichte von S. Marcus bis Michael I 61-767, nach der ältesten 1266 geschriebenen Hamburger Handschrift im arabischen Urtext, edited by C. F. Seybold (Hamburg, 1912). John of Nikiu, The Chronicle of John Bishop of Nikiu, translated by R. H. Charles (London: Williams and Norgate, 1913).
📚 Scholarship: Booth, P., ‘The Muslim Conquest of Egypt Reconsidered’ in Zuckerman, C. Constructing the Seventh Century, (Paris, 2013). 639-670. Butler, A. J., The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years of Roman Dominion, Reprint 1978 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1902). Howard-Johnston, J., Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
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🎼 Music: Instinct – Bensound Impact Allegretto – Kevin MacLeod Crypto – Kevin MacLeod Epidemic Sound Filmstro
📚 Sources: The Seleukid Empire of Antiochus III, 223–187 BC – John D. Grainger (2015) The Rise of the Seleukid Empire, 323–223 BC: Seleukos I to Seleukos III -John D. Grainger (2014) Polybius, Histories book 5 Antiochus the Great – Michael Taylor (2013)
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🎼 Music: Epidemic Sounds Filmstro Impact Allegretto – Kevin MacLeod
📚 Sources: Mons Graupius AD 83: Rome’s Battle at the Edge of the World (2010), Cambell, Duncan, B. Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-84603-926-0. Agricola & Germania (2009), Tacitus, Mattingly, H. (Translated). Penguin Classics. ISBN: 978-0-141-96154-5. The Romans in Scotland and the Battle of Mons Graupius (2019), Forder, Simon. Amberley Publishing. ISBN: 9781445690551.
🚩 Battle of Maldon (991) is described as “a story of guts and glory; patriot versus enemy”. The aftermath of this hard fought battle was the first time that ‘Danegeld’ was paid to the Vikings, which marked the beginning of a new era of Viking raids in England. Bribe in exchange for peace motivated an evergrowing number of Viking raiders, which eventually led to the full conquest of England by Cnut the Great in 1016 – you can also watch that video here: https://youtu.be/HZ4-1E9ep3s
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🚩Special thanks to Bert’s Battles for providing the source for this video: https://www.youtube.com/@BertsBattles
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🚩 Battle of Nedao was a day when Rome breathed a sigh of relief. Attila’s defeat against Aetius in 451 and the limited success of the invasion of Italy in 452, as well as Emperor Marcian’s raids into Hunnic lands, had bruised Attila’s reputation as an invincible warlord. He may have already faced a political crisis after killing his brother Bleda and refusing to pick a new co-ruler, a crisis that culminated with his death in 453 AD with a widespread revolt against Hunnic rule by various Germanic leaders. Attila’s son Ellac inherited his father’s realm and was poised to preserve the Hunnic Empire. To do this he would have to defeat his father’s lieutenants, Ardaric and Valamir…
📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: Epidemic Sounds Filmstro
📚 Sources: Collapse of the Hunnic Empire: Jordanes Ardaric and the Battle of Nedao – Bernardo Mingarelli (2018) The Rome that Did Not Fall: The Survival of the East in the Fifth Century – Gerard Friell & Stephen Williams (2005) The Foreign Policies of Theodosius II and Marcian – E.A. Thompson (1950) The Hun: Scourge of God AD 375-565 – Nic Fields (2006)
