🚩 In 69 AD, the Roman Empire tore itself apart. Nero’s suicide ended the Julio-Claudian dynasty, plunging Rome into a year of chaos—the Year of the Four Emperors. Galba seized power, but his austerity bred hatred; Otho murdered him for the throne. Yet his rule was short-lived, as Vitellius, a brutish general from Germania, marched on Rome. Their clash at the First Battle of Bedriacum was decisive. Otho, defeated and despondent, took his own life.
But fate had yet another contender: Vespasian, a seasoned general commanding Roman legions in Judaea. His forces crushed Vitellius at the Second Battle of Bedriacum, dragging Rome out from the fires of civil war. Vespasian founded the Flavian dynasty, marking a clean break from the decadence of the Julio-Claudians.
This transition mattered. The Julio-Claudians ruled by birthright, often spiraling into tyranny. The Flavians rose through merit and military power, stabilizing an empire teetering on ruin. The principate was no longer the domain of emperors born into it — it was now earned by those who could hold it. Rome, bloodied but unbroken, had reinvented itself.
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources: The Histories – Tacitus (2009) The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present, 2nd Revised Edition – Richard Ernest Dupuy & Trevor N.Dupuy (1989)
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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music: EpidemicSound Filmstro
📚 Sources: Caesar: the Conquest of Gaul (1982), Translated by S. A. Handford. Published by Penguin Books. Caesar: the Life of a Colossus (2010), by Adrian Goldsworthy. Published by Phoenix. Alesia 52 BC: the Final Struggle for Gaul (Campaign Book 269) (2014), by Nic Fields. Osprey Publishing Ltd.
Corrections:
2:33 To clarify, I’m not depicting Indutiomarus as defeated here. He revolted around the same time as Ambiorix, but withdrew from Labienus’ camp when he heard of Ambiorix’s defeat. Indutiomarus later confronted Labienus’ legion where he was killed. But since I only depicted the opening of the revolt of 53BC and not its entirety, I only had him withdraw at this point.
3:56 Goldsworthy writes (p.376) that Caesar held a council with the Gallic leaders at Durocortorum (modern Reims) “[at] the end of the campaigning season,” so I put ‘Late 53 BC’ as the season generally ended in Autumn (Sep-Nov). It was here that the chieftain Acco was publicly flogged and then executed as the instigator of the trouble among the Senones and Carnutes (which Caesar had temporarily ‘let go’ earlier in the year).
5:52 After the Council at Reims, Caesar writes (p. 154) that he divided his legions in the following way: He had two positioned on the frontier of the Treveri; Two among the Lingones; And finally six at Agedincum (with the Senones).
9:32 Caesar intervenes in Narbo. Goldsworthy writes (P. 387) that Caesar had no legions nearby but had a few “locally raised cohorts” and a few drafts from Cisalpine Gaul, as well as cavalry raised from the area. I gave Caesar an infantry block and a cavalry block here.
10:41 For the political map here I worked off of, primarily, Ceasar’s list (P.156). The Belgae territory and the lands where the legions were wintering were not participating in the revolt yet. The Parisii definitely were, as were the Carnutes and Senones. I included the Veneti and Osismi (Brittany) on the basis of Caesar writing “all of the west coast” which I assume includes the northern part too. I left out the tribes of the Normandy and Flanders regions.
17:39 Before the main attack on Gergovia, Caesar writes that he sent both some cavalry and then a legion to demonstrate for the Gauls in the hills. He does not mention this single legion as involved in his covering force as the main body withdrew. Goldsworthy doesn’t write anything on this either. So I just have these blocks slowly withdraw after the battle.
19:03 Movements of the Aedui in the final attack are based on both Caesar and Goldsworthy. Caesar writes (P. 178) that he sent the Aedui “up the hill by another route on the right”, likely up the same hill but separated from the main body. Goldsworthy (P. 401) writes as much with “…the Aedui [going] up the opposite side of the same spur.” Goldsworthy explains that the terrain was uneven and the legions couldn’t see the Aedui, which explains why – even though the Aedui were nearby – the legions were shocked at their sudden appearance on the right.
19:55 Political map, expansion of the rebellion post-Gergovia. Caesar and Goldsworthy both state that pretty much all of the Gallic and Belgae tribes joined the rebellion after the Aedui defected. The Aedui sent ambassadors after the battle and Noviodunum to push for this. Caesar himself (P. 186) writes that a great council was held at Bibracte and that only the Remi, the Lingones and the Treveri didn’t join the revolt. This corroborates with what Goldsworthy writes (P. 404) that most of the Gallic and Belgae tribes then joined the rebellion, which would be true as the Lingones and Treveri were classed as Gallic or part of Celtica, and the Remi were a Belgic tribe. I therefore reflected this in the political map between Gergovia and Alesia.
27:47 Goldsworthy (P. 410) writes that this attack begun around midnight. He also writes the Gauls let out great cheers to alert Vercingetorix of their arrival.
33:08 I realise that Caesar writes that he received Vercingetorix’s surrender outside of the fortifications, though this is still pretty vague as to exactly where, but I had him placed at the bottom between the walls as this just seemed a natural place to fit all the icons into and show the event of him riding around Caesar and then being arrested.
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In part 21 we head to Sicily. Syracuse was a thorn in Rome’s side that could not be ignored due to its strategic importance. It’s capture was a bitter blow for Hannibal, as Rome could redirect significant resources in manpower, ships, provisions, and commanders to other theaters. Hannibal would feel the brunt of this massive shift. Furthermore, the capture of Syracuse by Rome marked the end of the independence of Greek cities in southern Italy and Sicily.
🎼 Music: Peaks of Atlas – Omri Lahav EpidemicSound Filmstro
Sources and citations: Syracuse in Antiquity – Richard J. Evans (2011) Fortifications of Syracuse: Dionysius I, 405 to 396 BC – Kyle Govan (2016) Hannibal’s Summer campaign of 213 BC – David Feeney (2019) Fall of Carthage – Adrian Goldsworthy (2003) From the Founding of the City – by Livy, translated by Canon Roberts (1905) The Punic Wars – Nigel Bagnall (2008) Hannibal – G. P. Baker (1999) Hannibal’s War – John Peddie (2005) The History of Rome, Livy (2006) The Rise of the Roman Empire – Polybius (translation by Ian Scott-Kilvert) (1980) A companion to the Punic Wars – Dexter Hoyos (2015)
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🎼 Music: Peaks of Atlas – Omri Lahav EpidemicSound Filmstro
Sources and citations: Part 18 & 19: The Second Punic War: The battle of Hibera, 215 BC – David Feeney (2019) The Punic Wars, 264 – 146 BC – Nigel Bagnall (2002) Hannibal – G. P. Baker (1999) Hannibal’s War – John Peddie (2005) Hannibal: A History of the Art of War – Theodore Ayrault Dodge (2012) Fall of Carthage – Adrian Goldsworthy (2003) Cannae: Hannibal’s Greatest Victory – Adrian Goldsworthy (2019) The History of Rome, Livy (2006) Histories, Book 7 (from The Complete Histories) – Polybius (2009) The Rise of the Roman Empire – Polybius (translation by Ian Scott-Kilvert) (1980) A companion to the Punic Wars – Dexter Hoyos (2015) Problems of the Second Punic War: III. Rome and Her Italian Allies
Part 20: Sicily and the Second Punic War: The (Re)Organisation of Rome’s First Province – John Serrati Hannibal’s Summer campaign of 213 BC – David Feeney (2019) Fall of Carthage – Adrian Goldsworthy (2003) From the Founding of the City – by Livy, translated by Canon Roberts (1905) The Punic Wars – Nigel Bagnall (2008) Hannibal – G. P. Baker (1999) Hannibal’s War – John Peddie (2005) The History of Rome, Livy (2006) The Rise of the Roman Empire – Polybius (translation by Ian Scott-Kilvert) (1980) A companion to the Punic Wars – Dexter Hoyos (2015)
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In part 20 we continue where we left off after the 2nd Battle of Nola, with Hannibal wintering in Apulia in late 215 BC, and we go up to the Battle of Tarentum in the spring of 212 BC. I won’t give any other spoilers!
🎼 Music: Peaks of Atlas – Omri Lahav EpidemicSound Filmstro
Sources and citations: Hannibal’s Summer campaign of 213 BC – David Feeney (2019) Fall of Carthage – Adrian Goldsworthy (2003) From the Founding of the City – by Livy, translated by Canon Roberts (1905) The Punic Wars – Nigel Bagnall (2008) Hannibal – G. P. Baker (1999) Hannibal’s War – John Peddie (2005) The History of Rome, Livy (2006) The Rise of the Roman Empire – Polybius (translation by Ian Scott-Kilvert) (1980) A companion to the Punic Wars – Dexter Hoyos (2015)
🚩 The climactic battle in the war that followed the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE, the Battle of Philippi’s bloody outcome would decide the future of the Rome. Will the 500-year old Republic survive or will Rome become a monarchy in all but name?
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🚩 In Part 3 the war spreads to Anatolia, as Brutus and Cassius attempt to subdue Rhodes and Lycia. The events trigger the formation of the Second Triumvirate…
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In Part 2 we continue the story of Caesar Augustus with the battle of Mutina, an event that transformed Octavian into a major political player of Rome.
🚩 This video was produced in collaboration with my friend Hoc Est Bellum https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl5m12RUvypT4e7w-mWrzsA I’m very happy to be working together on a new series with Hoc Est Bellum! Check out his channel and give him the credit that he deserves.
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🚩 After Rome’s destruction of Carthage in 146 BC, the Carthaginian libraries were given to the kings of Numidia, but Mago’s work was considered too important to lose. It was brought to Rome and Decimus Junius Silanus was commissioned by the Roman Senate to translate it into Latin – but the Punic and Latin versions of the texts were eventually lost. However, it was Cassius Dionysius of Utica, an ancient North African writer on botany and medicinal substances, who became best known for his Greek translation of the great 28-volume treatise on agriculture, written by the Carthaginian Mago…
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🚩 This video was produced in collaboration with my friend Hoc Est Bellum https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl5m12RUvypT4e7w-mWrzsA I’m very happy to be working together on a new series with Hoc Est Bellum! Check out his channel and give him the credit that he deserves.
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📝 This is the full documentary of the Battle of Cannae from our Hannibal series, parts 11-13, a detailed analysis of Hannibal’s biggest tactical masterpiece.
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🎼 Music:
Peaks of Atlas – Omri Lahav
EpidemicSound.com
📝 Sources:
Adrian Goldsworthy – Cannae, Hannibal’s Greatest Victory
Adrian Goldsworthy – Fall of Carthage
Robert L. O’Connell – The Ghosts of Cannae
Nigel Bagnall – The Punic Wars, 264 – 146 BC
Mark Healy – Cannae 216 BC
Adrian Goldsworthy – Roman Warfare
Polybius – Histories
Dexter Hoyos – A companion to the Punic Wars
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📝 Sources:
Adrian Goldsworthy – Cannae, Hannibal’s Greatest Victory
Adrian Goldsworthy – Fall of Carthage
Robert L. O’Connell – The Ghosts of Cannae
Nigel Bagnall – The Punic Wars, 264 – 146 BC
Mark Healy – Cannae 216 BC
Adrian Goldsworthy – Roman Warfare
Polybius – Histories
Dexter Hoyos – A companion to the Punic Wars
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📝 Sources:
Adrian Goldsworthy – Cannae, Hannibal’s Greatest Victory
Adrian Goldsworthy – Fall of Carthage
Mark Healy – Cannae 216 BC
Adrian Goldsworthy – Roman Warfare
Polybius – Histories
Dexter Hoyos – A companion to the Punic Wars
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📝 Sources:
Adrian Goldsworthy – Cannae, Hannibal’s Greatest Victory
Adrian Goldsworthy – Fall of Carthage
Mark Healy – Cannae 216 BC
Adrian Goldsworthy – Roman Warfare
Polybius – Histories
Dexter Hoyos – A companion to the Punic Wars
📖 Caesar’s Civil War (49–45 BC), was one of the last politico-military conflicts in the Roman Republic before the establishment of the Roman Empire. The war was a four-year-long politico-military struggle, fought in Italy, Illyria, Greece, Egypt, Africa, and Hispania. In a series of battles over the years, Caesar defeated his enemies (the Optimates) and became Dictator for life. The changes to Roman government eliminated the political traditions of the Roman Republic (509–27 BC) and led to the Roman Empire (27 BC–AD 476).
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📝 I’m working on the Battle of Cannae and I decided to compile the first 10 episodes, because when combined they have some 2 hours of video. So grouping them into two 1-hour videos (Parts 1 – 5) and (Parts 6 – 10) would make it a lot easier for you guys to watch, rather than go through every episode individually.
🎼 Music:
Peaks of Atlas – Omri Lahav
EpidemicSound.com
📝 Sources:
“The Punic Wars, 264 – 146 BC” – Nigel Bagnall
“Histories” – Polybius
“Carthage must be destroyed” – Richard Miles
“Fall of Carthage” – Adrian Goldsworthy
“Hannibal’s Oath” – John Prevas
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📝 I’m working on the Battle of Cannae and I decided to compile the first 10 episodes, because when combined they have some 2 hours of video. So grouping them into two 1-hour videos (Parts 1 – 5) and (Parts 6 – 10) would make it a lot easier for you guys to watch, rather than go through every episode individually.
That said, the episodes still have some stuff that the compilation doesn’t, like the end cards, etc.
The second compilation (Parts 6 – 10) should be released in a week or two!
🎼 Music:
Peaks of Atlas – Omri Lahav
EpidemicSound.com
📝 Sources:
“The Punic Wars, 264 – 146 BC” – Nigel Bagnall
“Histories” – Polybius
“Carthage must be destroyed” – Richard Miles
“Fall of Carthage” – Adrian Goldsworthy
“Hannibal’s Oath” – John Prevas
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📝 Sources:
“The Punic Wars, 264 – 146 BC” – Nigel Bagnall
“Histories” – Polybius
“Carthage must be destroyed” – Richard Miles
“Fall of Carthage” – Adrian Goldsworthy
“Hannibal’s Oath” – John Prevas
🚩 Watch thousands of documentaries for FREE on CuriosityStream: http://go.thoughtleaders.io/1600620200405 – Use the code “historymarche” to get a 30-day free trial!
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📝 Sources:
“Histories” – Polybius
“Carthage must be destroyed” – Richard Miles
“Fall of Carthage” – Adrian Goldsworthy
“Hannibal’s Oath” – John Prevas
“The Punic Wars, 264 – 146 BC” – Nigel Bagnall
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➤ Sources:
“Histories” – Polybius
“Carthage must be destroyed” – Richard Miles
“Fall of Carthage” – Adrian Goldsworthy
“Hannibal’s Oath” – John Prevas
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Robert Rosén
Florin Bunau
Joel Grima
Philip Duhamel
Frank Kipry
Valentin
Phillip Elias
Henrique Lourenço Ribeiro Alves Primo
Mihail Moroşan
Completely Canadian
Paul Abdelmalak
Ken W
Roman Serpul
Omar Jedidi
Dan Moica
Marko Pajovic
Ciprian Chirac
Jeff Heiken
Robert G Ferrick
Florin Mircea
Joseph Donohue
Juan Camilo Rodriguez
Matthew McAndrew
Isaac Lavine
Romero Knapp
Qin Chen
Jonathon Young
Nels Veliquette
Georges Chouinard
John Bradshaw
Axi Serac
Eric Keihl
Ciprian Ivanov
Alghassab
Faysal Burhan
tidus6839
Gabriel Armeni
Guy Desnoyers
Stefán Örvar Sigmundsson
Robert Brockmann
Andrew Montgomery
Alexander Doddy
Björn Höfer
Alex Strainu
Daniel Schmidt
Shxne Brennan
Papadopoulos George
Razvan Radulescu
Robert Peterson
Cristian Berneanu
Guilherme Mesquita
Emmanuel Cesbron Lavau
Krassimir Manolov
Omniatlas
Alexandre
Alexander Sukhanov
Bogdan Alexandru Budusanu
Hauke Nielsen
Pace Lowery
Vlad Lintes
Turgius
Gabi R
Laurent Winkler
Aubrey (The Hobby Humanist) Robertson
Ioan-Paul Pirău
Luka Gagua
Chandan Grayson-Pattar
bander
Yuxtap (The History Emulator)
Jason Bridges
thomas jacobs
Oliver Kovacs
➤ Sources:
“Histories” – Polybius
“Carthage must be destroyed” – Richard Miles
“Fall of Carthage” – Adrian Goldsworthy
“Hannibal’s Oath” – John Prevas
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➤ Sources:
“Histories” – Polybius
“Carthage must be destroyed” – Richard Miles
“Fall of Carthage” – Adrian Goldsworthy
“Hannibal’s Oath” – John Prevas
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Philip Elias
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Epic History TV
Alex
Varol Can Curt-Nazar
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➤ Music:
Omri Lahav – Peaks of Atlas
Joss Edwards – Sand and Sunburn
Derek & Brandon Flechter – The Sahara Desert
➤ Sources:
“Histories” – Polybius
“Carthage must be destroyed” – Richard Miles
“Fall of Carthage” – Adrian Goldsworthy
“Hannibal’s Oath” – John Prevas
“Hannibal: The Military Biography of Rome’s Greatest Enemy” – Richard A. Gabriel
“Life of Marcellus” – Plutarch
“The Second Punic war at sea” – Boris Rankov
