During a news conference at NASA headquarters, agency scientists and officials discussed new findings from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) that provide the strongest evidence yet that liquid water flows intermittently on present-day Mars. Using an imaging spectrometer on MRO, researchers detected signatures of hydrated minerals on slopes where mysterious streaks are seen on the Red Planet. These downhill flows, known as recurring slope lineae (RSL), often have been described as possibly related to liquid water.
Tag: Mars
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‘The Martian’ Director Ridley Scott Discusses NASA’s Journey to Mars
Ridley Scott, director of the 20th Century Fox film “The Martian”, based on author Andy Weir’s book of the same name, reflects on the long-term personal and wide-ranging human fascination with Mars and how NASA’s exploration of the Red Planet is helping to turn science fiction into science fact.
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Matt Damon at NASA’s Mars Mission Control Center
Matt Damon talks about science, NASA and the collaboration with Andy Weir on this “…Love letter to science” known as “The Martian” during a visit to NASA’s Mars Mission Control Center at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.
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Mars seen from space
Full-orbit movies produced from Visual Monitoring Camera (VMC) images acquired as part of ESA’s #VMCSchools campaign. This clip includes images acquired by ESA’s Mars Express on 25 and 26 May 2015.
For the complete list of submitted school projects, access ESA’s Mars Express blog via http://wp.me/p2E5wN-lj
Credit: ESA/Mars Express/VMC – CC BY-SA IGO 3.0
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NASA’s Flying Saucer Makes Second Voyage to the Edge of Space
NASA’s Low Density Supersonic Decelerator (LDSD) launched on Monday, June 8th from the U.S. Navy’s Pacific Missile Range Facility on Kauai, Hawaii. The saucer-shaped vehicle was used to test new technologies that will help NASA land heavier payloads than current technology will allow on the surface of planets including Mars. The test vehicle was carried by balloon to about 120,000 feet. After release, an engine took the vehicle to 180,000 feet, where the tests occurred in the thin atmosphere to simulate Mars’ atmosphere. This flight test was the second of three planned for the project. The LDSD mission is designed to test entry and descent technology in the form of a donut-shaped airbag and a supersonic parachute that can be deployed while the vehicle is traveling several times the speed of sound.
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ESAHangout: Mars Express lined up for VMC Schools Campaign
Access full details and regular updates via the MEX blog: http://blogs.esa.int/mex
Prior to flying the campaign orbits on 25/26 May, this will be the final interactive Q&A session with the Mars Express flight control team for participants in the VMC Schools Campaign. Priority for questions will go to school/club participants. Questions can be posted here in the ESA G+ channel or via Twitter using the #VMCSchools hashtag. Start 11:00 EDT / 15:00 GMT / 17:00 CEST http://goo.gl/Yw8P5p
Sign up on the event page:
https://plus.google.com/events/cq9gg046ll071khg316fja1gmrgWatch on YouTube at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_Qjoc_7quw -
ESA Euronews: Mars mystery – ExoMars mission
The ExoMars 2016 mission will try to answer one of the toughest and most intriguing questions in our Solar System: is there, or has there ever been, life on Mars?
Getting to Mars, landing there safely, and then beginning the search for life is a huge scientific and technical challenge for the large team behind ExoMars, a joint ESA and Roscosmos project to search for life on Mars. It is the world’s biggest ever mission to the red planet.The ExoMars mission could reveal if there is, or has ever been, life on Mars by the end of the decade.
More about ExoMars: http://exploration.esa.int/mars/
This video is also available in the following languages:
Italian: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1upALskwxD8
Greek: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfk3oC1Gios
French: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8ZSihhWImg
Hungarian: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0be4f-PPNk
Portuguese: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X50TMG0vSnU
German: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wTsARN4Di8
Spanish: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ExT47YH_kU -
NASA conducts spin test on15-foot-wide saucer-shaped Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator (LDSD)
NASA’s Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator (LDSD) project will be flying a rocket-powered, saucer-shaped test vehicle into near-space from the Navy’s Pacific Missile Range Facility this June from Kauai, Hawaii. To prepare for the flight, a “spin” test was conducted from the gallery above a clean room at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, where this near-space experimental test vehicle is being prepared for shipment to Hawaii. During the broadcast, the 15-foot-wide, 7,000-pound vehicle underwent a “spin-table” test. The LDSD crosscutting demonstration mission will test breakthrough technologies that will enable large payloads to be safely landed on the surface of Mars, or other planetary bodies with atmospheres, including Earth.
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The State of NASA on This Week @NASA
NASA Administrator Charles Bolden, speaking during his Feb. 2 “State of NASA” address at Kennedy Space Center in Florida after the release of President Obama’s Fiscal Year 2016 $18.5 billion budget proposal for NASA said, “I can unequivocally say that the State of NASA is strong.” The proposed budget is a half-billion-dollar increase over last year’s enacted budget, which, the Administrator noted, “is a clear vote of confidence to you – the employees of NASA and the ambitious exploration program you are executing.” The budget facilitates NASA’s plan moving forward, which includes development of new vehicles and technologies needed for unprecedented human missions to an asteroid and to Mars, commercial partnerships to provide transportation to and from the International Space Station from the United States and research on the station for the benefit of future deep space travelers and people living on our home planet. Also, New views of Pluto, Soil moisture mission underway and Virginia Aerospace Day!
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ESA Euronews: Rockets, Mars and Europe’s future in space
In the afterglow of the Rosetta mission’s success in landing on a comet, the member states of ESA met in Luxembourg in early December to look forward to future challenges. Among the priorities is the development and construction of the new rocket, Ariane 6, which is seen as essential to maintaining Europe’s lead in the launcher market. Then there’s the ExoMars mission to further explore the ‘Red Planet’ and look for signs of life. But it’s not just about probes – ESA’s manned spaceflight programme also has momentum, with new astronauts currently in training and due to fly in 2015 and 2016. So, as the agency marks a half century of Europe’s space sector, it’s onwards and upwards for the next 50 years.
This video is also available in the following languages:
French: http://youtu.be/eq32fl5H0m8
German: http://youtu.be/hBLpzhgAmtU
Hungarian: http://youtu.be/4Snqq5VXGyg
Italian: http://youtu.be/If6JOY9mBy4
Greek: http://youtu.be/MyPvRhylA6M
Portuguese: http://youtu.be/wUzDxKetGWk
Spanish: http://youtu.be/15EAFYXl3N0 -
Orion’s first flight on This Week @NASA – December 8, 2014
The successful first flight test of NASA’s Orion spacecraft on Dec. 5 not only was a historic moment for the agency – but also was a critical step on NASA’s Journey to Mars. Orion rode to space from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on a Delta IV heavy rocket with no crew, but loaded with about 1,200 sensors. The flight test basically was a compilation of the riskiest events that will happen when astronauts fly on Orion on deep space missions. Also, Journey to Mars briefing, 1st SLS flight barrel and Commercial crew milestone.
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Images From Comet’s Mars Flyby On This Week @NASA- October 24, 2014
Several Mars-based NASA spacecraft had prime viewing positions for comet Siding Spring’s October 19 close flyby of the Red Planet. Early images included a composite photo from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope that combined shots of Mars, the comet, and a star background to illustrate Siding Spring’s distance from Mars at closest approach. Also, images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s HiRISE camera, which represent the highest-resolution views ever acquired of a comet that came from the Oort Cloud, at the outer fringe of the solar system. The comet flyby – only about 87,000 miles from Mars – was much closer than any other known comet flyby of a planet. Also, Partial solar eclipse, Space station spacewalk, Preparing to release Dragon, Cygnus launch update, Welding begins on SLS, Astronaut class visits Glenn and more!
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NASA Prepares to Eye Comet’s Flyby of Mars
During an October 9 press briefing at NASA headquarters, panelists discussed the Earth and space-based assets that will be in position to observe the October 19 flyby of Mars by comet C/2013 A1, also known as comet Siding Spring. These assets include NASA’s iconic Hubble Space Telescope and spacecraft orbiting and roving Mars.
During the once-in-a-lifetime flyby, Siding Spring will pass within about 88,000 miles (139,500 kilometers) of the Red Planet — less than half the distance between Earth and our moon and less than one-tenth the distance of any known comet flyby of Earth. This proximity will provide an unprecedented opportunity for researchers to gather data on both the comet and its effect on the Martian atmosphere.
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Mars 2020 Rover and Beyond News Teleconference from NASA Headquarters in Washington DC
During a July 31 briefing at NASA headquarters, agency officials announced seven science instruments, out of fifty-eight proposed, have been selected to be part of the next rover NASA will send to Mars in 2020. The Mars 2020 rover will be a new version of the Curiosity rover currently operating on Mars – with more sophisticated hardware to conduct unprecedented science and exploration technology investigations, including geological assessments, habitability of the environment and searching for signs of past life on the Red Planet.
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Exploration forum showcases NASA’s Human Path to Mars
An April 29 exploration forum aired on NASA Television from NASA headquarters, featured Administrator Charles Bolden and other agency leadership showcasing NASA’s human exploration path to Mars. NASA is developing the capabilities needed to send astronauts to an asteroid by 2025 and Mars in the 2030s.
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Bolden Testifies About the Budget on This Week @NASA
NASA Administrator Charlie Bolden responded to questions at a Congressional hearing about the agency’s $17.5 billion FY2015 budget proposal, which affirms the bi-partisan plan agreed to by Congress and the President for NASA to carry out an ambitious deep space exploration program. One that includes sending humans to an asteroid and Mars, extending use of the International Space Station to at least 2024, developing the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System rocket and fostering commercial partnerships. Also, Asteroid Initiative Opportunities Forum, Nyberg and Parmitano in DC, Welcome to space! GPM’s first light, Exploration Design Challenge, Composite cryo tank delivered and Angry Nerd robot!
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NASA Mars Curiosity Rover Report — February 14, 2014
A NASA Mars Curiosity rover team member gives an update on developments and status of the planetary exploration mission. The Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft delivered Curiosity to its target area on Mars at 1:31:45 a.m. EDT on Aug. 6, 2012 which includes the 13.8 minutes needed for confirmation of the touchdown to be radioed to Earth at the speed of light. The rover will conduct a nearly two-year prime mission to investigate whether the Gale Crater region of Mars ever offered conditions favorable for microbial life.
Curiosity carries 10 science instruments with a total mass 15 times as large as the science payloads on NASA’s Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Some of the tools, such as a laser-firing instrument for checking rocks’ elemental composition from a distance, are the first of their kind on Mars. Curiosity will use a drill and scoop, which are located at the end of its robotic arm, to gather soil and powdered samples of rock interiors, then sieve and parcel out these samples into the rover’s analytical laboratory instruments.
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The floodwaters of Mars
Travel across the dramatic flood plains of Mars to celebrate ten years of imaging the Red Planet with Mars Express
Ten years ago, on 14 January 2004, Mars Express took its very first images of Mars in colour and in 3D.
To mark the occasion, the team produced a fly-through movie of the ancient flood plain Kasei Valles. The movie is based on the 67-image mosaic released as part of the ten-years-since-launch celebrations in June 2013. See http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/The_floodwaters_of_Mars.
The scene spans 987 km in the north–south direction, 19–36°N, and 1550 km in the east–west direction (280–310°E). It covers 1.55 million square kilometres, an area equivalent to the size of Mongolia.
Kasei Valles is one of the largest outflow channel systems on Mars, created during dramatic flood events. From source to sink, it extends some 3000 km and descends 3 km.
Kasei Valles splits into two main branches that hug a broad island of fractured terrain — Sacra Mensa — rising 2 km above the channels that swerve around it. While weaker materials succumbed to the erosive power of the fast-flowing water, this hardier outcrop has stood the test of time.
Slightly further downstream, the flood waters did their best to erase the 100 km-wide Sharonov crater, crumpling its walls to the south. Around Sharonov many small streamlined islands form teardrop shapes rising from the riverbed as water swept around these natural obstacles.
The Planetary Science and Remote Sensing Group at Freie Universität Berlin produced the movie. The processing of the High Resolution Stereo Camera image data was carried out at the DLR German Aerospace Center.
Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum) / Music: Crabtambour
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Mars Express flyby as seen from Phobos (Animation)
On 29 December 2013, ESA’s Mars Express will make the closest flyby yet of the Red Planet’s moon Phobos, skimming past only 45 km above its surface.
As the spacecraft passes close to Phobos, it will be pulled slightly off course by the moon’s gravity, by a few tens of centimetres. This small deviation will be measured using the spacecraft’s radio signals, and then translated into measurements of gravity, mass and density at different locations on the moon.
This animation shows the flyby (speeded up) as if you were standing on Phobos, with Mars in the background and Mars Express sweeping out an arc above. Toward the end of the sequence, Mars Express disappears behind Mars and out of sight of Phobos.
Credit: ESA
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Phobos 360
The innermost moon of Mars, Phobos, is seen here in full 360 degree glory. The images were taken by the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on ESA’s Mars Express at various times throughout the mission’s 10 years.
The moon’s parallel sets of grooves are perhaps the most striking feature, along with the giant 9 km-wide Stickney impact crater that dominates one face of the 27 x 22 x 18 km moon.
The origin of the moon’s grooves is a subject of much debate. One idea assumes that the crater chains are associated with impact events on the moon itself.
Another idea suggests they result from Phobos moving through streams of debris thrown up from impacts 6000 km away on the surface of Mars, with each ‘family’ of grooves corresponding to a different impact event.
Mars Express has imaged Phobos from a wide range of distances, but will make its closest flyby yet on 29 December 2013, at just 45 km above the moon.
Although this is too close to take images, gravity experiments will give insight into the interior structure of Phobos.
Credits: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum)
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Mars 360: the north pole
Enjoy views of the martian north pole from all angles in this new animation from ESA’s Mars Express.
The ice cap has a diameter of about 1000 km and consists of many thin layers of ice mixed with dust that extend to a depth of around 2 km below the cap. The prominent gap in the ice cap is a 318 km-long, 2 km-deep chasm called Chasma Boreale.
The layers result from variations in the orbit and rotation of Mars that affect the amount of sunlight received at the poles, and thus the amount of melting and deposition of materials over time. Meanwhile, strong prevailing winds are thought to be responsible for shaping the spiral troughs.
The polar ice cap in this movie was constructed using data provided by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding instrument, MARSIS.
Low-frequency radio waves beamed towards the surface are reflected back to Mars Express from the planet’s surface and from interfaces between layers of different materials underground.
The strength and timing of the radar echoes are a gauge of the depths of different types of interfaces, such as between rock, water or ice. This information can then be translated into 3D views, as seen in this movie.
Credit: ESA/ASI/NASA/JPL/La Sapienza University/INAF (A. Frigeri)
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MAVEN Update on This Week @NASA
The MAVEN spacecraft is the latest NASA probe designed to help piece together a complete picture of The Red Planet’s past. MAVEN’s piece of the puzzle — to understand what happened to Mars’ upper atmosphere. Following its launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station — MAVEN is scheduled to reach Mars in September 2014. Also, Getting to deep space, A stunning new view of Saturn, Commercial success, Earth science satellite, Antarctica campaign, Tail wing technology and more!
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Mars Mission Briefed on This Week @NASA
During a news briefing at NASA headquarters officials and scientists discussed MAVEN, the agency’s next mission to Mars. Scheduled to launch November 18 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, MAVEN will study the history and change of Mars’ atmosphere, climate, and planetary habitability. Also, Bolden visits Langley, Power Up, Solar Flares, A busy time!, Free flight and Ice Flight!
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NASA’s Next Mission to Mars
NASA hosted a news briefing at 2 p.m. EDT Monday, Oct. 28, to discuss the upcoming launch of the agency’s next mission to Mars and the first devoted to understanding the upper atmosphere of the Red Planet.
MAVEN is scheduled to launch at 1:28 p.m. EST Nov. 18 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. MAVEN’s data will be used to study the history and change of Mars’ atmosphere, climate, and planetary habitability.Briefing participants were:
– John Grunsfeld, associate administrator for the Science Mission Directorate, NASA Headquarters, Washington
– Jim Green, director, Planetary Science Division, Headquarters
– Lisa May, MAVEN program executive, Headquarters
– Kelly Fast, MAVEN program scientist, Headquarters
– Bruce Jakosky, MAVEN principal investigator, University of Colorado Boulder Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics
– David Mitchell, MAVEN project manager, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. -
Mars showcase
From the highest volcano to the deepest canyon, from impact craters to ancient river beds and lava flows, this showcase of images from ESA’s Mars Express takes you on an unforgettable journey across the Red Planet.
Mars Express was launched on 2 June 2003 and arrived at Mars six-and-a-half months later. It has since orbited the planet nearly 12 500 times, providing scientists with unprecedented images and data collected by its suite of scientific instruments.
The data have been used to create an almost global digital topographic model of the surface, providing a unique visualisation and enabling researchers to acquire new and surprising information about the evolution of the Red Planet.
The images in this movie were taken by the High Resolution Stereo Camera and the video was released by the DLR German Aerospace Center as part of the ten years of Mars Express celebrations in June 2013. The music has been created by Stephan Elgner of DLR’s Mars Express planetary cartography team. DLR developed and is operating the stereo camera.
Read the original post on DLR’s website here: http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10212/332_read-7208/year-all/332_page-2/#gallery/10805
Credit: ESA / DLR / FU Berlin (G. Neukum)
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NASA Curiosity Rover Report — September 19, 2013
A NASA Mars Curiosity rover team member gives an update on developments and status of the planetary exploration mission. The Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft delivered Curiosity to its target area on Mars at 1:31:45 a.m. EDT on Aug. 6, 2012 which includes the 13.8 minutes needed for confirmation of the touchdown to be radioed to Earth at the speed of light. The rover will conduct a nearly two-year prime mission to investigate whether the Gale Crater region of Mars ever offered conditions favorable for microbial life.
Curiosity carries 10 science instruments with a total mass 15 times as large as the science payloads on NASA’s Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Some of the tools, such as a laser-firing instrument for checking rocks’ elemental composition from a distance, are the first of their kind on Mars. Curiosity will use a drill and scoop, which are located at the end of its robotic arm, to gather soil and powdered samples of rock interiors, then sieve and parcel out these samples into the rover’s analytical laboratory instruments.
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One Year on Mars! On This Week @NASA
So what can a planetary rover do with a year on Mars? All NASA’s Curiosity rover did was beam back over 190 gigabits of data, more than 36-thousand images and zap 75-thousand-plus laser shots at science targets … and oh by the way, it also completed the mission’s main science goal by finding evidence that life was possible on Mars in the past. The agency celebrated the one year anniversary of Curiosity’s landing on Mars with live events from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory — featuring rover team members. And at NASA Headquarters — a discussion about how Curiosity and other robotic projects are benefitting future human space exploration. Also, Maven Arrives, Garver Leaving NASA, Great Ball of Fire, Supply Ship Arrives Safely, Carbon Copy, The First Barrel Segment and more!
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NASA Mars Curiosity Rover Report — July 11, 2013
A NASA Mars Curiosity rover team member gives an update on developments and status of the planetary exploration mission. The Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft delivered Curiosity to its target area on Mars at 1:31:45 a.m. EDT on Aug. 6, 2012 which includes the 13.8 minutes needed for confirmation of the touchdown to be radioed to Earth at the speed of light. The rover will conduct a nearly two-year prime mission to investigate whether the Gale Crater region of Mars ever offered conditions favorable for microbial life.
Curiosity carries 10 science instruments with a total mass 15 times as large as the science payloads on NASA’s Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Some of the tools, such as a laser-firing instrument for checking rocks’ elemental composition from a distance, are the first of their kind on Mars. Curiosity will use a drill and scoop, which are located at the end of its robotic arm, to gather soil and powdered samples of rock interiors, then sieve and parcel out these samples into the rover’s analytical laboratory instruments.
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ESA Euronews: Los detectives de Marte
Marte sigue intrigando a los científicos. Hay robots que se han enviado para que vuelen sobre Marte, para que se desplacen por el planeta e incluso para perforen y recojan muestras. Todo, para buscar señales y saber si alguna vez, quizá hace mucho tiempo, hubo algún tipo de vida. Encontrar cualquier evidencia equiere la habilidad de los mejores detectives: científicos, robots y satélites que estudian el planeta con todo detalle.
“Si ha habido vida más allá de la Tierra el destino ideal sería Marte”, dice el cientifico de la ESA Olivier Witasse. Un destino ideal pero también un rompecabezas que los investigadores están empezando a reconstruir.
Las primeras fotos de Marte las tomó la sonda Mariner 4 en 1965. Estas imágenes alimentaron las especulaciones sobre la existencia de agua y vida. En los años 70 se continuó investigando el planeta con las misiones Viking. Luego llegaron los vehículos exploradores. El año pasado aterrizó el robot Curiosity de la Nasa. Pesa 900 kilos y es capaz de recoger rocas y analizarlas. Curiosty no busca restos de vida, sino signos de habitabilidad. El robot tiene un potente láser diseñado por ingenieros estadounidenses y franceses. Su potente luz es capaz de convertir una roca o partes de una roca en una bola de fuego para analizar los elementos de los que está compuesta.
La búsqueda que ha hecho Curiosity ha tenido éxito. De hecho, en el lugar donde aterrizó hubo alguna vez agua a una temperatura adecuada, con niveles de acidez apropiados para la formación de la vida. Pero hace unos tres mil millones de años todo cambió, porque el campo magnético de Marte se desvaneció y gran parte de la atmófera se perdió.
La sonda Mars Express también ha encontrado depósitos de hielo debajo de la superficie del planeta, que están ocultos por el polvo. Y también descubrió algo más misterioso e intrigante: metano. El programa europeo ExoMars lanzará en 2016 un satélite para examinar este gas. Y dos años después un robot recorrerá el planeta rojo. Será la primera misión que busque directamente señales de vida ahora y en el pasado. Todavía no se sabe dónde aterrizará el robot ExoMars porque los científicos no se han puesto de acuerdo, de momento. Se cree que pudo existir algún tipo de vida hace unos 4.000 millones de años. Y las mejores localizaciones son los valles antiguos donde había agua.
Los secretos de Marte se esconden a menudo debajo del polvo del planeta. Sin embargo, se están haciendo progresos de forma muy rápida para unir las piezas del rompecabezas. Y puede que tambien estos descubrimientos den alguna respuesta sobre nuestro origen en la Tierra.
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ESA Euronews: Vida em Marte: Segredos do Planeta Vermelho
Criámos missões científicas para percorrerem Marte e, dentro em breve, explorarem o subsolo, de forma a suplantar vários desafios. Mas a pergunta maior para a qual procuramos uma resposta é a seguinte: alguma vez houve vida neste planeta? “Se já existiu vida fora da Terra, então Marte é a hipótese mais óbvia”, afirma Olivier Witasse, da Agência Espacial Europeia (ESA).
A Mars Express tem-nos ajudado a avançar consideravelmente no conhecimento deste planeta. A sonda acaba de celebrar dez anos em órbita – a missão inicial da ESA estava programada para dois. Os dados que tem recolhido permitem criar mapas a 3 dimensões da superfície marciana e sinalizar locais onde podem existir minerais. Segundo Witasse, “houve muitas descobertas nestes últimos dez anos: a deteção dos minerais hidratados, por exemplo, que foram formados na presença de água, diz-nos que existiu realmente água em Marte durante vários milhões de anos.”
Já as primeiras fotografias de Marte a partir da sonda Mariner 4, em 1965, começaram a alimentar as especulações prolongadas na década seguinte com as missões Viking. O ano passado, a NASA fez aterrar o robô Curiosity no Planeta Vermelho. Um verdadeiro laboratório científico capaz de efetuar recolhas e análises. O objetivo anunciado não é tanto procurar sinais de vida, mas sim condições de habitabilidade.
A cabeça do robô integra um laser conhecido por ChemCam, que foi concebido e desenvolvido por um grupo de engenheiros em Toulouse, em França. A sua função é disparar sobre rochas, fragmentando-as, para depois as analisar e revelar a sua composição. No local onde o Curiosity aterrou já terá havido água a uma temperatura adequada para a habitabilidade, com a acidez apropriada e durante um longo período de tempo. Mas, há 3 mil milhões de anos, tudo isso mudou: a alteração do campo magnético do planeta parece ter dissipado a atmosfera. Anouck Ody, investigadora da Universidade de Lyon, realça que “a atmosfera de Marte tem uma pressão demasiada fraca para que a água líquida se estabilize à superfície. No entanto, é possível encontrar água na atmosfera e, em forma de gelo, nas calotas polares, tanto a norte, como a sul.”
A Mars Express revelou enormes depósitos de gelo debaixo da superfície. E descobriu outra coisa ainda mais intrigante: a existência de metano. “Em 2004, logo no início da missão, a Mars Express encontrou pequenas quantidades de metano na atmosfera. É uma descoberta cuja autenticidade ainda é motivo de debate. No entanto, se houver mesmo metano, é preciso explicar como é que ele se dissolve na atmosfera, e o que é que o está constantemente a gerar. Há muitas discussões sobre o assunto. Pode tratar-se de atividade geológica – uma reação entre as rochas do subsolo e a água líquida, o que significaria que Marte é um planeta ativo geologicamente. Ou então, o metano está a ser produzido por uma atividade biológica,” aponta Olivier Witasse.
A missão europeia Exomars promete esclarecer grande parte destes mistérios. A partir de 2016, uma sonda vai começar a monitorizar a órbita marciana; dois anos mais tarde, um novo veículo robotizado irá percorrer o planeta com uma importante inovação: será capaz de recolher amostras a dois metros de profundidade.
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ESA Euronews: Υπάρχει ζωή στον Άρη; Έρχεται η οριστική απάντηση
Είναι ο άνθρωπος μόνος του στο σύμπαν; Στο υπαρξιακό αυτό ερώτημα προσπαθεί να απαντήσει η διαστημική τεχνολογία. Ρομποτικά οχήματα έχουν αποσταλεί εδώ και πολλά χρόνια στον Άρη, για να αναζητήσουν αποδείξεις ύπαρξης ζωής στον κόκκινο πλανήτη.
Σύμφωνα με τους επιστήμονες, αν υπήρχε ζωή μακριά από τη Γη, ο Άρης θα ήταν η πιο προφανής επιλογή. Η στοιχειοθέτηση ωστόσο των αποδείξεων είναι μια υπόθεση εξαιρετικά δύσκολη. Μοιάζει με ένα παζλ, που μόλις ολοκληρωθεί θα μας δώσει μια πλήρη εικόνα αυτού που ονομάζουμε «ζωή στο σύμπαν». Τα κομμάτια του μόλις έχουν αρχίσει να τοποθετούνται.
Η ανακάλυψη στοιχείων που αποδεικνύουν την ύπαρξη ζωής στον Άρη απαιτεί την αξιοποίηση της τελευταίας τεχνολογίας και τη στενή συνεργασία των κορυφαίων επιστημόνων.
Η αποστολή Mars Express της Ευρωπαϊκής Υπηρεσίας Διαστήματος συνέβαλε τα μέγιστα στην αλματώδη πρόοδο της εξερεύνησης του Άρη. Ο δορυφόρος παραμένει εδώ και σχεδόν μια δεκαετία σε τροχιά γύρω από τον κόκκινο πλανήτη. Συλλέγει στοιχεία που επιτρέπουν στους επιστήμονες να δημιουργήσουν τρισδιάστατους χάρτες της επιφάνειας και να εντοπίσουν που βρίσκονται ακριβώς βασικά μέταλλα και άλλα στοιχεία, πολύτιμα για την έρευνα.
«Η σπουδαιότερη ανακάλυψη είναι η ανίχνευση των λεγόμενων ένυδρων ορυκτών. Πρόκειται για ορυκτά που σχηματίστηκαν με την παρουσία νερού και αποδεικνύουν την ύπαρξη νερού στην επιφάνεια του Άρη για αρκετά εκατομμύρια χρόνια», αναφέρει ο Ολιβιέ Βιτάς, επιστήμονας του προγράμματος ExoMars.Η ανακάλυψη ένυδρων ορυκτών σε διάφορες περιοχές στον Άρη, έχει προκαλέσει το ενδιαφέρον των επιστημόνων. Τώρα προσπαθούν να εντοπίσουν τα σημεία όπου υπάρχουν υπολείμματα αργίλου ή θειικών αλάτων. Αν τα καταφέρουν θα ξέρουν πού ακριβώς υπήρχε κάποτε νερό.
«Ο άργιλος ή πηλός προέρχεται απο μια ένωση που απαιτεί την παρουσία νερού . Χρειάζεται αρκετός χρόνος για να μετατραπεί ένα πέτρωμα σε άργιλο. Τα θειικά άλατα σχηματίζονται ταχύτερα και είναι παρόμοια με αυτά που υπάρχουν σε λίμνες με αλμυρό νερό στη Γη. Εκεί βρίσκουμε μεταλλικό νερό. Όταν αυτό εξατμίζεται, τα μέταλλα μένουν στην επιφάνεια των ιζημάτων» υποστηρίζει ο Νταμιέν Λοιζό, ερευνητής του πανεπιστημίου της Λιόν.
Οι πρώτες εικόνες του κόκκινου πλανήτη από το διαστημόπλοιο Μάρινερ 5, τροφοδότησαν μια έντονη συζήτηση για την ύπαρξη νερού και άρα ζωής στον Άρη. Ακολούθησαν οι αποστολές του Βίκινγκ, τη δεκαετία του ’70 και ύστερα μια σειρά μικρών οχημάτων που πάτησαν το έδαφος του Άρη.
Πέρυσι, η ΝΑΣΑ κατάφερε να προσεδαφίσει το ρομποτικό όχημα Curiosity στον κόκκινο πλανήτη. Πρόκειται για ένα κινητό επιστημονικό εργαστήριο, βάρους 900 κιλών, με δυνατότητα να συλλέγει και να αναλύει πετρώματα.
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ESA Euronews: C’è vita su Marte? Nuove apparecchiature sono pronte a scoprirlo
Esattamente dieci anni fa cominciava l’avventura di Mars Express, la missione dell’Agenzia Spaziale Europea (ESA) sull’enigmatico pianeta rosso.
Marte è l’ultima frontiera dell’esplorazione spaziale. La comunità scientifica è a caccia di prove dell’esistenza di vita — presente o passata — tra le speranze di molti che vorrebbero che questo fosse un pianeta abitabile.
Ma trovare vita su Marte è come mettere insieme i pezzi di un puzzle, un’avventura affascinante che abbiamo appena cominciato.Le sfide sono molte. “La cosa più frustrante è la quantità di polveri in certe regioni, che non ci permettono di avere accesso alla superficie sottostante, sia con una rover che dall’orbita.” dice Anouck Ody, Ricercatrice dell’Università di Lione.
Le nostre conoscenze sul pianeta Marte hanno fatto grossi balzi negli ultimi dieci anni, grazie alla missione Mars Express. Il satellite ha raccolto dati che hanno permesso agli scienziati di creare mappe in 3D della superficie del pianeta rosso, studiare i minerali che la compongono e la sua atmosfera. “In dieci anni abbiamo fatto molte scoperte. Se dovessi evidenziarne alcune comincerei con l’individuazione di quelli che chiamiamo “minerali idrati”, che si sono formati in presenza di acqua e che quindi ci mostrano che su Marte per milioni di anni c’è stata acqua” spiega Olivier Witasse, scienziato di Mars Express, ESA.
Le prime foto di Marte, scattate dalla sonda americana Mariner 4 nel 1965 mostrarono un pianeta arido ed inospitale, ma le ricerche di acqua — e di vita — continuarono negli anni Settanta con il programma Viking della Nasa ed il primo atterraggio morbido delle sue due sonde su terra rossa. Da allora ad aprirsi strada sul pianeta sono state le rover, ultimo l’atterraggio spettacolare dello scorso anno di Curiosity ( Mars Science Laboratory) il laboratorio scientifico da 900 kg della Nasa in grado di scavare ed analizzare rocce, per studiare non solo le possibilili tracce di vita, ma anche dell’abilitabilità del pianeta.
La testa di Curiosity è il ChemCam, un laser infrarosso, che ha il compito di sparare raggi sulle rocce marziane e poi analizzare il plasma incandescente e lo spettro di luce emessa per capirne la composizione.
ChemCam può sparare raggi laser e colpire bersagli ad una distanza di 6 metri. Se dalle analisi questi risultano interessanti dal punto di vista scientifico, la rover si avvicina e perfora la superficie per raccogliere un piccolo campione da analizzare. “Siamo andati in un bacino che assomiglia ad un antico lago. Questo ci ha permesso di porci la domanda sull’abilitabilità di quest’area. Se le condizioni che un giorno hanno portato alla formazione di vita sulla terra, si ricreassero in un altro posto, potrebbe sorgervi vita?” si chiede Olivier Gasnault, ChemCam Co-ricercatore, CNRS.
Curiosity ha portato ad un’importante scoperta. I ciottoli levigati vicino al sito in cui la sonda è atterrata sarebbero la prova che sulla superficie del pianeta sia scorsa acqua, per molti anni, alla temperatura e acidità giuste da renderlo un pianeta abitabile. Circa 3 miliardi di anni fa però i campi magnetici si affievolirono e l’atmosfera divenne rarefatta.
“Marte oggi ha un’atmosfera troppo rarefatta e una pressione troppo bassa perchè sulla superficie possa esserci acqua in forma liquida. Ma è stata trovata nell’atmosfera e in forma di ghiaccio, principalmente nelle calotte polari” ci mostra Anouck Ody, dell’Università di Lione
Mars Express ha mostrato che ci sono depositi di ghiaccio sotto la superficie del pianeta, nascosti dalle polveri. Ma ha fatto anche un’altra scoperta, forse ancora più misteriosa ed intrigante: il metano. “Mars Express nel 2004, appena all’inizio della sua missione ha rivelato la presenza di metano nell’atmosfera in quantità molto piccole. — Olivier Witasse, scienziato di Mars Express, ESA — Ci sono ancora dibattiti sulla veridicità di questa osservazione ma se il metano fosse davvero presente servirebbe una spiegazione: Questo gas si distrugge nell’atmosfera, dunque dovrebbe esserci una fonte che continua ad emetterlo. Ci sono molte discussioni su quale possa essere questa fonte, potrebbe essere prodotto da attività geologica, dalla reazione tra rocce sotterranee e acqua liquida. Per generare metano Marte dovrebbe essere geologicamente attivo o potrebbe essere attività biologica a produrre il gas”.
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ESA Euronews: The Mars detectives
Europe’s off to Mars. Again. We have sent robots to fly over Mars, crawl over Mars and soon to dig down into Mars – searching for signs that once, perhaps deep in the past, this planet may have been home to life. It might be an obvious choice, but still a puzzle, and one that we’re only just beginning to piece together. And finding evidence of life will require the skill of the finest detectives.
This is a mystery that Europe’s ExoMars mission is ready to solve. In 2016 it will have a satellite in orbit around Mars, designed to test for methane, and by 2018 this rover will be rolling around the Red Planet. The mission will be the first to set out with the direct intention of finding signs of life, now, and in the past.
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NASA Mars Curiosity Rover Report — June 7, 2013
A NASA Mars Curiosity rover team member gives an update on developments and status of the planetary exploration mission. The Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft delivered Curiosity to its target area on Mars at 1:31:45 a.m. EDT on Aug. 6, 2012 which includes the 13.8 minutes needed for confirmation of the touchdown to be radioed to Earth at the speed of light. The rover will conduct a nearly two-year prime mission to investigate whether the Gale Crater region of Mars ever offered conditions favorable for microbial life.
Curiosity carries 10 science instruments with a total mass 15 times as large as the science payloads on NASA’s Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Some of the tools, such as a laser-firing instrument for checking rocks’ elemental composition from a distance, are the first of their kind on Mars. Curiosity will use a drill and scoop, which are located at the end of its robotic arm, to gather soil and powdered samples of rock interiors, then sieve and parcel out these samples into the rover’s analytical laboratory instruments.
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Mars Express Full Orbit Video 2.0
In celebration of the 10th anniversary of Mars Express: a new and enhanced Full Orbit Video generated by multiple images acquired by the VMC camera – the Mars Webcam – on board ESA’s Mars Express
This version is a special ‘MEX birthday preview’. We’ll post a somewhat extended version late next week, to coincide with the next expected VMC image set arriving from Mars (for news, follow the VMC blog http://blogs.esa.int/vmc)
Thanks to the Mars Express Science & operations teams for generating a fabulous, unique-in-our-Solar-System view of the Red planet. And happy Birthday, Mars Express!
Credit: ESA – European Space Agency, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
Copyright Notice:
This work is licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) licence. The user is allowed to reproduce, distribute, adapt, translate and publicly perform this publication, without explicit permission, provided that the content is accompanied by an acknowledgement that the source is credited as ‘ESA/DLR/FU Berlin’, a direct link to the licence text is provided and that it is clearly indicated if changes were made to the original content. Adaptation/translation/derivatives must be distributed under the same licence terms as this publication. To view a copy of this license, please visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/
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Mars Express ten year highlights
The journey of Mars Express, from drawing board through launch, to its key science highlights during ten years of operations. With its suite of seven instruments, Mars Express has studied the subsurface of the Red Planet to the upper atmosphere and beyond to the two tiny moons Phobos and Deimos, providing an in depth analysis of the planet’s history and returning stunning 3D images.
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Mars mineral globe
This unique atlas comprises a series of maps showing the distribution and abundance of minerals formed in water, by volcanic activity, and by weathering to create the dust that makes Mars red.
Together the maps provide a global context for the dominant geological processes that have defined the planet’s history.The maps were built from ten years of data collected by the OMEGA visible and infrared mineralogical mapping spectrometer on Mars Express.
The animation cycles through maps showing: individual sites where a range of minerals that can only be formed in the presence of water were detected; maps of olivine and pyroxene, minerals that tell the story of volcanism and the evolution of the planet’s interior; and ferric oxide and dust. Ferric oxide is a mineral phase of iron, and is present everywhere on the planet: within the bulk crust, lava outflows and the dust oxidised by chemical reactions with the martian atmosphere, causing the surface to ‘rust’ slowly over billions of years, giving Mars its distinctive red hue.
The map showing hydrated minerals includes detections made by both ESA’s Mars Express and by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
Copyright: Hydrated mineral map: ESA/CNES/CNRS/IAS/Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; NASA/JPL/JHUAPL; Olivine, pyroxone, ferric dust & dust maps: ESA/CNES/CNRS/IAS/Université Paris-Sud, Orsay Orsay; Video production: ESA.
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NASA Mars Curiosity Rover Report – May 16, 2013
A NASA Mars Curiosity rover team member gives an update on developments and status of the planetary exploration mission. The Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft delivered Curiosity to its target area on Mars at 1:31:45 a.m. EDT on Aug. 6, 2012 which includes the 13.8 minutes needed for confirmation of the touchdown to be radioed to Earth at the speed of light. The rover will conduct a nearly two-year prime mission to investigate whether the Gale Crater region of Mars ever offered conditions favorable for microbial life.
Curiosity carries 10 science instruments with a total mass 15 times as large as the science payloads on NASA’s Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Some of the tools, such as a laser-firing instrument for checking rocks’ elemental composition from a distance, are the first of their kind on Mars. Curiosity will use a drill and scoop, which are located at the end of its robotic arm, to gather soil and powdered samples of rock interiors, then sieve and parcel out these samples into the rover’s analytical laboratory instruments.
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Mars Once Habitable on This Week @NASA
Analysis of the first ever sample of rock powder collected by the Mars Curiosity rover has proven that the Red Planet location it’s exploring once had everything needed to support microbial life including a lakebed filled with not salty or acidic but fresh water. Also, innovative space technology; students help space exploration; women aspiring, inspiring; IceBridge preps; SLS @ TennTech; career day; and more!
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NASA Mars Curiosity Rover Report — March 15, 2013
A NASA Mars Curiosity rover team member gives an update on developments and status of the planetary exploration mission. The Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft delivered Curiosity to its target area on Mars at 1:31:45 a.m. EDT on Aug. 6, 2012 which includes the 13.8 minutes needed for confirmation of the touchdown to be radioed to Earth at the speed of light. The rover will conduct a nearly two-year prime mission to investigate whether the Gale Crater region of Mars ever offered conditions favorable for microbial life.
Curiosity carries 10 science instruments with a total mass 15 times as large as the science payloads on NASA’s Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Some of the tools, such as a laser-firing instrument for checking rocks’ elemental composition from a distance, are the first of their kind on Mars. Curiosity will use a drill and scoop, which are located at the end of its robotic arm, to gather soil and powdered samples of rock interiors, then sieve and parcel out these samples into the rover’s analytical laboratory instruments.